<p>The Badami cave temples are a complex of four Hindu, a Jain and possibly Buddhist cave temples located in Badami, a town in the Bagalkot district in northern part of Karnataka, India. The caves are considered an example of Indian rock-cut architecture, especially Badami Chalukya architecture, which dates from the 6th century. Badami was previously known as Vataapi Badami, the capital of the early Chalukya dynasty, which ruled much of Karnataka from the 6th to the 8th century. Badami is situated on the west bank of a man made lake ringed by an earthen wall with stone steps; it is surrounded on the north and south by forts built in later times.</p><br>
<p>The Badami cave temples represent some of the earliest known examples of Hindu temples in the Deccan region. They along with the temples in Aihole transformed the Malaprabha River valley into a cradle of temple architecture that influenced the components of later Hindu temples elsewhere in India.</p><br>
<p>Caves 1 to 4 are in the escarpment of the hill in soft Badami sandstone formation, to the south-east of the town. In Cave 1, among various sculptures of Hindu divinities and themes, a prominent carving is of the Tandava-dancing Shiva as Nataraja. Cave 2 is mostly similar to Cave 1 in terms of its layout and dimensions, featuring Hindu subjects of which the relief of Vishnu as Trivikrama is the largest. The largest cave is Cave 3, featuring Vishnu-related mythology, and it is also the most intricately carved cave in the complex. Cave 4 is dedicated to revered figures of Jainism. Around the lake, Badami has additional caves of which one may be a Buddhist cave. Another cave was discovered in 2015, about 500 m from the four main caves, with 27 Hindu carvings.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Badami cave temples are located in the town of Badami in the north-central part of Karnataka, India. The temples are about 88 mi east of Belgavi (IATA Code: IXT), and 87 mi northwest of Hampi. The Malaprabha River is 3 mi away. The cave temples are 14 mi from the UNESCO world heritage site Pattadakal and 22 mi from Aihole – another site with over a hundred ancient and early medieval era Hindu, Jain and Buddhist monuments.</p><br>
<p>Badami, also referred to as Vatapi, Vatapipura, Vatapinagari and Agastya Tirtha in historical texts, the capital of Chalukya dynasty in the 6th century, is at the exit point of a ravine between two steep mountain cliffs. Four cave temples in the escarpment of the hill to the south-east of the town were carved into the cliff&#39;s monolithic stone face. The escarpment is above a man made lake called Agastya Lake, created by an earthen dam faced with stone steps. To the west end of this cliff, at its lowest point, is the first cave temple. The largest and highest cave is Cave 3, which is further to the east on the northern face of the hill. The fourth cave, Cave 4, is a few steps down further east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cave temples, numbered 1 to 4 in the order of their creation, in the town of Badamithe capital city of the Chalukya kingdom (also known as Early Chalukyas)are dated from the late 6th century onwards. The exact dating is known only for Cave 3, which is a temple dedicated to Vishnu. An inscription found here records the dedication of the shrine by Mangalesha in Saka 500 (lunar calendar, 578/579CE). The inscription, written in the old Kannada language, has enabled the dating of these rock cave temples to the 6th century. This makes the cave the oldest firmly-dated Hindu cave temple in India.</p><br>
<p>The Badami caves complex is part of a UNESCO-designated World Heritage Site candidate under the title "Evolution of Temple ArchitectureAihole-Badami-Pattadakal" in the Malaprabha river valley, considered a cradle of temple architecture that formed the model for later Hindu temples in the region. The artwork in Caves 1 and 2 exhibit the northern Deccan style of the 6th and 7th centuries, while those in Cave 3 simultaneously represent two ancient Indian artistic traditions; the northern Nagara and the southern Dravida styles. while Cave 4 features Jain icons and themes.</p><br>
<h2>Temple caves</h2><br>
<p>The Badami cave temples are carved out of soft Badami sandstone on a hill cliff. The plan of each of the four caves (1 to 4) includes an entrance with a verandah (mukha mandapa) supported by stone columns and brackets, a distinctive feature of these caves, leading to a columned mandapa, or main hall (also maha mandapa), and then to the small, square shrine (sanctum sanctorum, garbha ghriya) cut deep inside the cave. The cave temples are linked by a stepped path with intermediate terraces overlooking the town and lake. The cave temples are labelled 1–4 in their ascending series; this numbering does not reflect the sequence of excavation.</p><br>
<p>The architecture includes structures built in the Nagara and Dravidian styles, which is the first and most persistent architectural idiom to be adopted by the early chalukyas.</p><br>
<h3>Cave 1</h3><br>
<p>Cave 1 is about 59 ft above ground level on the north-west part of the hill. Access is through a series of steps that depict carvings of dwarfish ganas in different postures as if they hold the cave floor. The verandah, with an inner measurement of 70 ft by 65 ft, has five columns sculpted with reliefs of flower garlands, foliage and jewelry.</p><br>
<p>The cave portrays the Tandava-dancing Shiva as Nataraja on the rock face to the right of entrance. The image, 5 ft tall, has 18 arms in a form that expresses the dance positions arranged in a geometric pattern, which Alice Bonera Swiss art historian and Indologist, states is a time division symbolizing the cosmic wheel. The eighteen arms express Natya mudras (symbolic hand gestures), with some holding objects such as drums, a flame torch, a serpent, a trident and an axe. Shiva has his son Ganesha and the bull Nandi by his side. Adjoining the Nataraja, the wall depicts the goddess Durga of Shaktism tradition slaying the buffalo-demon Mahishasura.</p><br>
<p>On the left of the entrance is a two handed Shaiva dvarapala who holds a trident, and below him is a bull-elephant fused image where they share a head; seen from left it is an elephant and from right a bull. Once inside the veranda, the cave presents a carved sculpture of Harihara, a 7.75 ft high sculpture of a fused image that is half-Shiva and half-Vishnu. He is flanked on respective sides with the goddesses Parvati and Lakshmi. To the right, toward the end of the wall, is a relief sculpture of Ardhanarishvara, a fused image of Shiva and his consort Parvati. Next to the half that represents Parvati is an attendant carrying a tray of jewels. Next to the Ardhanarishvara half that represents Shiva is Nandi the bull, and skeletal Bhringi, a devotee of Shiva.</p><br>
<p>Inside this cave, the sons of Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikeya, the god of war and family deity of the Chalukya dynasty, are seen in one of the carved sculptures on the walls of the cave, with Kartikeya riding a peacock. The roof of the cave has five carved panels with the central panel depicting the Nagaraja, with flying couples on both sides. The head and bust are well formed and project from the centre of the coil. In another compartment a bas-relief 2.5 ft in diameter has carvings of a male and female; the male is Yaksha carrying a sword and the female is Apsara with a flying veil. The succeeding panel has carvings of two small figures and the panel at the end is carved with lotuses.</p><br>
<p>All the figures are adorned with carved ornaments and surrounded by borders with reliefs of animals and birds. The lotus design is a common theme. On the ceiling are images of the Vidyadhara couples as well as couples in courtship and erotic Mithuna scenes. Through a cleft in the back wall of the cave is a square sanctuary with more carved images. In the mandapa is a seated Nandi facing the garbha ghriya (sacrum sanctum) containing a Shiva linga.</p><br>
<h3>Cave 2</h3><br>
<p>Cave 2 is above and to the east of Cave1 and faces north. It was created in late 6th or early 7th century. It is smaller than Cave 1, somewhat similar in terms of its floor plan, but it is dedicated primarily to Vishnu. Cave2 is reached by climbing 64 steps from the first cave. The cave entrance is a verandah divided by four square pillars with ends as half pillars, all carved out of the monolithic stone face. The pillars have decorative carvings with frieze of ganas (mythical dwarfs) with various facial expressions. On the two sides of the entrance are standing dvarapalas (guardians) holding flowers, not weapons. Like Cave1, Cave 2 art reflects Hindu theology and arts.</p><br>
<p>The largest relief in Cave 2 depicts the legend of Vishnu in his Trivikrama form, taking one of the three steps. Below the raised step is a frieze showing the legend of Vamana dwarf avatar of Vishnu, before he morphs into the Trivikrama form. Another major relief shows the legend of Vishnu in his Varaha (a boar) avatar rescuing goddess earth (Bhudevi) from the depths of cosmic ocean, with a penitent multi-headed snake (Nāga) below. Like other major murti (statue) in this and other Badami caves, the Varaha artwork is set in a circle and symmetrically laid out; according to Alice Boner, the panel is an upright rectangle whose "height is equal to the octopartite directing circle and sides are aligned to essential geometric ratios, in this case to the second vertical chord of the circle". The walls and ceiling have traces of colored paint, suggesting the cave used to have fresco paintings.</p><br>
<p>Inside the temple are friezes showing stories from Hindu texts such as the Bhagavata Purana.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling of Cave 2 shows a wheel with sixteen fish spokes in a square frame. The end bays have a flying couple and Vishnu on Garuda. The main hall in the cave is 33.33 ft wide, 23.583 ft deep, and 11.33 ft high and is supported by eight square pillars in two rows. The roof of this hall has panels filled with bas-relief carvings. The sculptures of Cave 2, like Cave 1, are of the northern Deccan style of the 6th and 7th century similar to that found in Ellora caves.</p><br>
<h3>Cave 3</h3><br>
<p>Cave 3 is earliest dated Hindu temple in the Deccan region. It is dedicated to Vishnu; it is the largest cave in the complex. It has intricately carved friezes and giant figures of Trivikrama, Anantasayana, Vasudeva, Varaha, Harihara and Narasimha. Cave3&#39;s primary theme is Vaishnavite, though it also shows Harihara on its southern wall half Vishnu and half Shiva shown fused as one, making the cave important to Shaivism studies.</p><br>
<p>Facing north, Cave 3 is 60 steps from Cave2 at a higher level. Cave3&#39;s verandah is 70 ft in length with an interior width of 65 ft; it has been sculpted 48 ft deep into the mountain; an added square shrine at the end extends the cave 12 ft further inside. The verandah itself is 7 ft wide and has four free-standing, carved pillars separating it from the hall. The cave is 15 ft high; it is supported by six pillars, each measuring 2.5 ft&sup2;. Each column and pilaster is carved with wide, deep bases crowned with capitals that are partly hidden by brackets on three sides. Each bracket, except for one, has carvings of human figures standing under foliage in different postures, of male and female mythological characters, and an attendant figure of a dwarf. A moulded cornice in the facia, with a dado of blocks below it (generally 7 ft long), has about thirty compartments carved with two dwarves called ganas.</p><br>
<p>Cave 3 also shows fresco paintings on the ceiling, some of which are faded and broken. These are among the earliest known surviving evidence of fresco painting in Indian art. The Hindu god Brahma is seen on Hamsa vahana in one of the murals. The wedding of Shiva and Parvati, attended by various Hindu deities is the theme of another.</p><br>
<p>There is a lotus medallion on the floor underneath the ceiling mural of Brahma. The ceiling has reliefs of many Vedic gods and goddesses such as Agni, Indra and Varuna. The cave artworks, in some cases, show the artists signatures, as well as a major inscription. This and other epigraphical evidence suggests that the cave temple was inaugurated on the "full moon day, 1 November 578". The roof of the verandah has seven panels created by cross beams; each is painted in circular compartments with images of deities including Shiva, Vishnu, Indra, Brahma and Kama, with smaller images of Dikpalas (cardinal guardians) at the corners.</p><br>
<p>The roof of the front aisle has panels with murals in the centre of male and female figurines flying in the clouds; the male figure is yaksha holding a sword and a shield. Decoration of lotus blooms are also seen on the panels. The roof of the hall is divided into nine panels slightly above the level of the ceiling. The central panel here depicts a deva mounted on a ramconjectured to be Agni. Images of Brahma and Varuna are also painted on the central panels; the floating figures are seen in the remaining panels.</p><br>
<p>The sculpture in Cave 3 is well preserved. Vishnu is presented in various avatars and forms, such as a standing Vishnu with eight arms; Vishnu seated on the hooded serpent Shesha on the eastern side of the veranda; Vishnu as standing Narasimha (man-lion avatar); Vishnu as Varaha (man-boar avatar) rescuing earth; Harihara (half Shiva, half Vishnu and their equivalence); and Trivikrama-Vamana avatars.</p><br>
<p>Aspects of the culture, cosmetics and clothing in the 6th century is visible in the art sculpted in this cave, showing a sophisticated tradition.</p><br>
<h3>Cave 4</h3><br>
<p>Located immediately next to and east of Cave3, Cave4 floor is situated about 10 feet lower and is the smallest of the four. It is dedicated to Tirthankaras, the revered figures of Jainism. It was constructed after the first three, sponsored by Hindu kings in later part of the 7th-century. Some scholars state this cave may have been created in the 8thcentury. Some embellishments were likely added in later centuries until about the 11th or 12th century.</p><br>
<p>Like the other caves, Cave 4 features detailed carvings and a diverse range of motifs. The cave has a five-bayed entrance with four square columnseach with brackets and capitals. To the back of this verandah is a hall with two standalone and two joined pillars. The first aisle is a verandah 31 ft long by 6.5 ft wide, extending to 16 ft deep. From the hall, steps lead to the sanctum sanctorum, which is 25.5 ft wide extends to a depth of 6 ft.</p><br>
<p>Inside the cave are major carvings of Bahubali, Parshvanatha and Mahavira with symbolic display of other Tirthankaras. Bahubali is standing in Kayotsarga meditating posture with vines wrapped around his leg, his classic iconography. Parshvanatha is shown with the five-headed cobra hood. Mahavira is represented sitting on a lion throne, whose identifying markers are not visibly and is identified by some scholars simply as a "seated Jina". This figure is flanked by bas-reliefs of attendants with chauri (fans), sardulas and makara&#39;s heads. Other carvings include Indrabhuti Gautama covered by four snakes, Brahmi and Sundari. In the sanctum is an image of Mahavira resting on a pedestal containing a 12th-century Kannada inscription marking the death of one Jakkave. Twenty four small Jaina Tirthankara images are engraved on the inner pillars and walls. In addition there are idols of Yakshas, Yakshis and Padmavati.</p><br>
<p>The artistic work, the icons to represents ideas and the motifs in Badami Cave 4, states Lisa Owens, resembles those of nearby Aihole Jain caves and much farther north Ellora Caves Jain caves in northern Maharashtra.</p><br>
<h3>Other caves</h3><br>
<p>Other than the numbered caves, Badami is home to many other cave monuments and medieval era temples. On the other side of the lake, near the Bhutanatha temple, is a 7th-8th century Chalukya period cave of small dimensions. Inside, there is a carved statue seated over a sculpted throne with reliefs showing people holding chauris (fans), a Pipal tree, elephants, and lions in an attacking pose. On one side of the statue is a chakra, on the other a conch shell. The statue wears abundant jewelry and a thread over its chest. The face of this statue is damaged and missing its face.</p><br>
<p>There are several theories as to who the statue represents. One theory holds that it is a relief of the Buddha in a sitting posture. According to B.V. Shettiarchaeologist and curator of Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, the cave was not converted but from the start represented a tribute to Mayamoha of the Hindu Puranas, or Buddhavatara Vishnu (ninth avatar of Vishnu). This theory is supported by the chakra, conch and jewelry included in its iconography. The style suggests it was likely carved in or before the 8thcentury.</p><br>
<p>Another theory found in colonial-era texts such as one by John Murraya missionary in British India and Jainism scholar, states the main image carved in Cave5 is that of a Jaina figure. According to a third theory, by Henry Cousens and A.Sundaraarchaeologists, and supported by local legends, the statue is of an ancient king; in a photograph of the statue taken before its face was damaged, the figure lacked the Ushnisha lump that typically goes with Buddha&#39;s image. The statue has several unusual, non-Buddha ornaments such as rings for fingers, a necklace and a chest-band; it wears a Hindu Yajnopavita thread and its head is stylistically closer to a Jina head than a Buddha head. These features suggest the statue may be of a king represented with features of various traditions. According to Carol Radcliffe BolonAssistant Curator at the Smithsonian Freer Gallery of Art, the date and identity of the main statue in Cave5 remains enigmatic.</p><br>
<p>Close to the controversial cave are other monuments. One of them is a small shrine consisting of a 7th-century rock carving of Anantashayana Vishnu, or reclining Vishnu with Lakshmi and Garuda in namaste posture. Vishnu is shown restarting the cosmic cycle by giving birth to all of existence. Above the reclining carved relief are the ten avatars of Vishnu – Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha and Kalki. Between the Narasimha and Vamana is shown a relief of Brahma cord connected to Vishnu&#39;s navel. To the left of the relief is depicted the Trinity – Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma, while to the right is a human couple and a mother cow with a calf feeding.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, Manjunath SullolliAssistant Director of Bagalkot district working for the state government of Karnataka, reported the discovery of another cave with 27 rock carvings, about 500 m from the four main caves. Water gushes from this newly discovered cave year round. It depicts Vishnu and other Hindu deities, and features an inscription in the Devanagari script. The dating of these carvings is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The original Columbia County High School is a historic building in Lake City, Florida, United States, located at 372 West Duval Street. It is now the location of Columbia County School District administrative offices. It was built in 1921 and was the only high school in Columbia County. When enrollment exceeded capacity, it was replaced in 1957 by a larger facility on Pennsylvania Avenue, which was named Columbia High School. The original high school was used as the school board administrative offices for a time, then converted into Lake City Junior High School in the mid-1970s. It was the site of Ted Bundy&#39;s abduction of Kimberly Leach on February 9, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia County Schools administrative offices returned to the building after Lake City Middle School was constructed and opened in 1990. On November 15, 1993, the building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The May-Stringer House, home of the Hernando Heritage Museum, is a historic residential building in Brooksville, Florida, United States. It is located at 601 Museum Court. On March 8, 1997, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It&#39;s also believed to be haunted by the ghost of Jessie May.</p><br>
<h2>May-Stringer Heritage Museum</h2><br>
<p>The May-Stringer Heritage Museum is located at the May-Stringer House. It contains over 10,000 artifacts throughout with items from the American Civil War to the Vietnam War in the War Room. The house also includes the doctor’s office with vintage medical items, kitchen and other living areas with antique household items, and the school room which replicates an old one-room schoolhouse.</p><br>
<p>The T. G. Henderson House  is a historic house located at 207 South Marion Street in Lake City, Florida. It is locally significant as an excellent example of the later, more developed phase of the Eastlake style, the house has an abundance of exterior ornamentation and an attention to surface detail characteristic of the period just prior to the transition into Shingle Style.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The exterior fabric of the house is clapboard with corner boards on the principal corners. In addition, shingling was used beneath the balconies and in the gables, being laid in an imbricated pattern and in alternate rows laid with staggered butts. The turret, which grows out of the southernmost gable, is open on its four northern planes. The original plans called for cresting along the ridge of the westernmost roof section, but this has subsequently been removed. There are two chimneys located at the back of the hipped roof which serve all interior fireplaces. They are both brick and have corbelled courses forming a Gothic Revival cap. The roofs are hipped and gabled and there is currently a galvanized tin covering over it.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Chinsegut Hill Manor House  is a United States historic site approximately five miles northeast of the city of Brooksville, Florida on Chinsegut Hill. It is located at 22495 Chinsegut Hill Road. Begun in the early 1850&#39;s, the structure has remained relatively unchanged since.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>With the conclusion of the Second Seminole War (1835–1842) and the passing of the Armed Occupation Act on August 4, 1842, the character of Florida was transformed. In the interior of the Florida peninsula, devoid of white settlement just 10 years before, plantations were rapidly established. By the eve of statehood, planters maintained that nearly half the population and wealth of the territory was now located in central Florida.</p><br>
<p>Drawn to central Florida by the opportunity offered by the Armed Occupation Act, Colonel Byrd Pearson from South Carolina laid claim to 160 acres in what is now Hernando County. He named his plantation Mount Airy and began cultivating sugarcane with the use of slave labor. Pearson constructed a cabin on the site that is now the East Wing of the Manor. Pearson&#39;s cabin was completed just two years after Florida became a state.</p><br>
<p>In 1851, Pearson sold the property to another South Carolinian emigrant to Florida named Francis Higgins Ederington. Between 1852 and 1854, Ederington constructed the manor house.</p><br>
<p>In 1866, Colonel Russel Snow (also a South Carolinian) married Francis Ederington’s daughter Charlotte and gained control of the plantation, renaming it Snow Hill. The Snows remodeled the third-floor attic into three bedrooms and a seating area.</p><br>
<h2>The Robins’ Era</h2><br>
<p>Possibly the most historically significant period for the Chinsegut Hill manor house occurred during the stewardship of Elizabeth, Raymond and Margaret Robins. Elizabeth purchased the home for herself and her youngest brother Raymond. But following the purchase and before they had moved in, Raymond met and married Margaret Dreier. Upon their acquisition of the property in 1904, Raymond and Elizabeth renamed the property Chinsegut Hill and set out to improve the grounds. Over the years, Raymond and Margaret added a kitchen to the east wing of the house, a widow’s walk and ventilator, the west chimney, an expanded study, and a music room. The Robins later added four bathrooms (1911), acquired additional land (1917), added the porte-cochere (1925), and added a fifth bathroom, electricity, and a well (1933).</p><br>
<p>In addition to their tremendous expansion of the property itself, the Robinses did much to improve the historical significance of the property through their involvement in politics. Raymond served as an advisor for all 7 US Presidents from Teddy Roosevelt to Franklin Delano Roosevelt. During the Russian Revolution, Raymond was appointed by President Wilson as the Commissioner of the American Red Cross Mission to Russia where he met with numerous Russian dignitaries including Alexander Kerensky, Leon Trotsky, and Vladimir Lenin. Raymond was the only American at this time to meet with Lenin and did so four times a week for five months Margaret Robins, 18 year President of tne National Women&#39;s Trade Union League, dined with President Calvin Coolidge in 1923 while her husband was being considered for a cabinet post. In 1928, Raymond was present at the signing of the Pact of Paris and was called upon to help plan the presidential campaign of Herbert Hoover.</p><br>
<p>The Wall Street Crash of 1929 left the Robins in financial ruin because they chose to give almost $250,000 of their money to keep the First National Bank in Brooksville from folding. Using his connections with Herbert Hoover and his administration, Raymond brokered a deal to donate the Chinsegut Hill estate to the government with the stipulation that the couple be allowed to live there until their deaths, free of property taxes.</p><br>
<p>After years of illness, Margaret Robins died in 1945. Remaining active in political affairs for several years after his wife’s death, Raymond Robins died in 1954. In the same year the University of Florida signed a four-year lease for the property, intending to use the site as a branch library utilizing Robins&#39; 8,000 volumes.</p><br>
<h3>Famous Guests of Chinsegut Hill</h3><br>
<p>During their occupation of the Chinsegut Hill property, the Robinses entertained countless prominent guests including Soviet ambassadors, Helen Keller, Jane Addams, William Jennings Bryan, Thomas Edison, James Cash Penney, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Senator Claude Pepper, and USA Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes.</p><br>
<h2>Recent Events and Expansion</h2><br>
<p>In 1958, the lease signed by the University of Florida expired and the university removed the books housed in the manor house, essentially abandoning the property. During the same year the University of South Florida obtained the manor house and surrounding property, signing a four-year lease as the University of Florida had previously.</p><br>
<p>Under the governance of the University of South Florida, the Chinsegut Hill manor house has undergone several modifications and "modernizations” -in line with the university’s intention to utilize the site as a conference center. The university signed a 20-year lease in 1962 and has since expended vast amounts of time and money to preserve and restore the property. Alterations to the manor house include the removal of the widow’s walk and ventilator due rainwater leakage (1963), construction of several cabins (1972 & 1990’s), a dining room (1982), a classroom (1986), a maintenance shop (1986), and a storage shed (1990).</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the USA Department of Agriculture transferred the title of the Chinsegut Hill property to the University of South Florida once the previous lease had expired and the university had fulfilled its obligations regarding the lease.</p><br>
<p>On November 21, 2003, Chinsegut Hill was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places through a concerted effort by members of the faculty at the University of South Florida. The University returned the property to the State of Florida in 2008 at which time the non-profit group, The Friends of Chinsegut Hill, Inc. was formed to save the property and the dilapidated Manor. The Friends oversaw a $1.5 million renovation and has been operating the Manor as a Museum since 2015. They fund their efforts by using the seven cottages onsite as rentals for retreat groups and individuals.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>In 1959, Chinsegut Hill was embroiled in the Red Scare. A plaque was commissioned by Lisa von Borowsky, family friend of the Robins and caretaker of the property, and placed on the ground near the Lenin Oak. The plaque honored the wishes of Raymond Robins to commemorate the Russian Revolution’s leader, Vladimir Lenin. In 1961, a group of Boy Scouts discovered the plaque and reported the find to the Tampa Tribune. During the ensuing media firestorm, the University of South Florida claimed to know nothing of the plaque in an attempt to disassociate the university with pro-communist innuendo. Increased outcry from the media and the general public led to an inquiry in front of a grand jury on May 4, 1961. Forty-three years and three days after Margaret Robins planted the oak tree on the property, Borowsky was forced to testify on her activities as well as those of the Robins.</p><br>
<p>During the 1960s, the house had many guests, from visiting researchers to USF faculty and friends. Sadly, many of the small items in the house were removed by visitors. More recently, the Chinsegut Hill manor house and the surrounding property has been plagued by the strain of age and deterioration. Many small outbuildings and a water tower have been demolished. The University of South Florida has done much to maintain the status quo of the property, but has done little to realize any meaningful efforts to restore the manor house to its previous glory. Much of the university’s inaction stems from the history of slavery at the Chinsegut Hill property.</p><br>
<p>The Frank Saxon House is a historic residence in Brooksville, Florida. The home was built by Frank Saxon in 1864 for his bride Tululu Hope, daughter of William Hope, one of the earliest settlers in the county. Mr. Saxon was a Civil War hero who was a member of the Hernando Wild Cats, a unit of the 3rd Regiment of the Confederate Army. After the war, Frank Saxon served as a member of the Florida Legislature representing Hernando County. The home sits on the top of a hill at 200 South Saxon Avenue. On November 5, 1998, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Frank Saxon House is one of the earliest examples of Frame Vernacular architecture with Queen Anne Revival influence in Hernando County. The house is in an extreme state of disrepair with windows, doors, and parts of the roof missing.</p><br>
<p>Lake Natoma is an intermediate lake along the American River, located between Folsom Dam and Nimbus Dam in Sacramento County, in the USA state of California. The lake is located within the Folsom Lake State Recreation Area.</p><br>
<p>It is a recreational lake for rowing, kayaking and swimming. Powerboats are permitted with a 5 mph "no wake" restriction. Lake Natoma is also home to the Sacramento State Aquatic Center, and regularly hosts West Coast College Rowing Championships, the Pac-12 Conference rowing championships, and, every four years, the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championships. The Lake Natoma Four Bridges Half Marathon is held each October at the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Natoma includes the historic Negro Bar area in Folsom, the site of a gold rush era African-American mining camp.</p><br>
<p>The Folsom Powerhouse State Historic Park overlooks Lake Natoma in the city of Folsom. It is a California State Historical site, preserving an early hydroelectric power station.</p><br>
<p>A paved cycling and jogging trail encircles the lake along with unpaved equestrian trails. The Folsom South Canal Trail also begins at the lake. Several parking lots and boat launching ramps are also located around the lake.</p><br>
<p>Fort Duffield is a Union American Civil War fort located outside West Point, Kentucky. It saw use in 1862, and was abandoned when it appeared that the war would never come near the fort. Ironically, John Hunt Morgan would in 1863 lead his Raiders right past the fort and may have been stopped had the fort not been abandoned.</p><br>
<p>William Tecumseh Sherman was concerned with the Confederate positions in Bowling Green and Columbus, and sent the 37th Indiana and the 9th Michigan regiments to West Point. The plan was to use West Point as a Union supply base for Elizabethtown. Sherman ordered the fort to be built on Pearman Hill to protect the town and supply route. Construction began on November 3, 1861 and was finished in two months. The fort was named for the Rev. George Duffield of Detroit, whose son, Colonel William W. Duffield, led the 9th Michigan Infantry. There were 950 troops stationed there, but they were soon sent to the front lines and the fort was mostly unused in 1862, seeing its last use that fall.</p><br>
<p>The fort is mostly a serpentine wall, unlike the typical star-shaped Civil War forts in Kentucky. The earthworks of the fort are well-preserved. Originally there was a one-mile clearing between the fort and any trees, but since the fort&#39;s abandonment the forest has grown back around the fort. A fresh water spring was inside the fort.</p><br>
<p>Old Queens is the oldest extant building at Rutgers University and is the symbolic heart of the universitys campus in New Brunswick in Middlesex County, New Jersey in the United States. Rutgers, the Eighth-oldest college in the United States, was founded in 1766 during the American colonial period as Queens College a decade before the start of American Revolution. Queens College was named for Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the daughter of a German duke who became the queen consort of British king George III. Old Queens is located on a six-acre hilltop city block bounded by Somerset Street, Hamilton Street, College Avenue and George Street that was previously an apple orchard. Donated to the college in 1807 by James Parker, Jr., this city block become known the Queens Campus and is the historic core of the university. Because of this, by metonymy, the name "Old Queen&#39;s" came to be used as a reference to Rutgers College and is often invoked as an allusive reference to the university or to its administration.</p><br>
<p>Designed by American architect John McComb, Jr., who also designed New York Citys city hall, the cornerstone of Old Queens was laid in 1809 by the colleges third president, the Rev. Ira Condict. Due to financial constraints, construction was not completed until 1825. In its early days, Old Queens provided instruction space for lectures, student and faculty housing, as well as space for a college library and chapel that was shared by three institutions simultaneously: the College, its Grammar School (today, Rutgers Preparatory School), and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary. Today, Old Queens houses the universitys administration including the office of its president and governing boards.</p><br>
<p>Old Queens is regarded by architectural experts as one of the finest examples of Federal architecture. Old Queens was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 11, 1976 and is listed as a National Historical Landmark. The entire Queens campus was included on the State and National registers in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history (1766–1808)</h3><br>
<p>Chartered on 10 November 1766, Queens College was initially a small, private liberal arts college affiliated with the Dutch Reformed church founded "for the education of youth in the learned languages, liberal and useful arts and sciences, and especially in divinity; preparing them for the ministry and other good offices." It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Queens College was named for Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the daughter of a German duke who became the queen consort of British king George III. The college first held its classes in a tavern called "The Sign of the Red Lion" on the corner of Nielson and Albany Streets in New Brunswick, and later at a building on George Street in citys current business district, before moving the college to the hilltop where they would begin to build Old Queens in 1809.</p><br>
<p>During the Revolution the hilltop where Old Queens was built was the site of a redoubt where Alexander Hamilton, then an artillery captain commanding sixty men of the New York Provincial Company of Artillery, placed his cannons to cover the retreat of George Washingtons forces after the British occupation of New York. After the British victory in taking Fort Washington in November 1776, Washingtons forces retreated across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania. Hamiltons battery protected the forces as they crossed the Raritan River and passing through New Brunswick in 1776. British forces commanded by Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis under orders from Lieutenant General William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe pursued Washington as far as New Brunswick.</p><br>
<p>The hill belonged to John Parker, a prominent merchant from nearby Perth Amboy and was the site of an apple orchard. His heirs, including James Parker, Jr. (1776–1868), a local merchant and political figure, donated this orchard to the trustees of Queens College (later renamed Rutgers) in 1808. James Parker, Jr., a graduate of Columbia College (A.B. 1793) in New York, was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly, and later became a trustee of Queens and later Rutgers College starting in 1812 and serving until his death in 1868. The college, which had closed in 1795 due to financial reasons, reopened in 1807 after a long fundraising campaign led by the Rev. Ira Condict (the schools third president, pro tempore) and the Rev. John Henry Livingston (the colleges fourth president and founder of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary) with direct support from the Dutch Reformed Churchs Synod of New York. The funds would be appropriated to build a permanent home for Queens College, its grammar school (which remained open for the years the college closed), and Livingston&#39;s theological seminary which was permanently relocated to New Brunswick from New York.</p><br>
<h3>Construction (1808-1825)</h3><br>
<p>The trustees hired New York architect John McComb, Jr. (1763–1853) to design and oversee the construction of Old Queens. McComb was known for his designs of the Cape Henry Light (1792) in Chesapeake Bay, and for Montauk Point Lighthouse (1796) and Station Eatons Neck Lighthouse (1798) at the eastern end of Long Island, and for several New York City landmarks including Gracie Mansion (1799), Hamilton Grange (1802), New York City Hall (1803), and St. Johns Chapel (1803, demolished 1918). He would subsequently design Lower Manhattan&#39;s Castle Clinton (1808) and Alexander Hall at Princeton Theological Seminary (1815)</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone for Old Queens was laid on 27 April 1809 by Queens Colleges president, the Rev. Ira Condict. Due to the young colleges financial difficulties, the building was not completed until 1825. Classes began within the completed portions of the building as early as 1811 for Queens College (now Rutgers University), Queen&#39;s College Grammar School (now Rutgers Preparatory School), and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary. The New Brunswick Theological Seminary moved in 1856 to a new 7 acre campus less than one-half mile away, as a result of overcrowding. The Grammar School had moved across the street several years earlier in 1830.</p><br>
<p>In 1825, Colonel Henry Rutgers, an American Revolutionary War Hero and philanthropist from New York City gave the fledgling Queens College a $5,000 bond and a bell. The Trustees renamed the institution in honor of Colonel Rutgers. The bell, known as the Old Queens Bell, was hung in the cupola of Old Queens to chime the passing of classes. It remains there today, and is rung on special occasions, such as at Commencement exercise in May and in recognition of athletic teams who have won national conferences. The cupola was donated by Stephen Van Rensellaer in 1825.</p><br>
<h3>Use</h3><br>
<p>Initially, the first floor of Old Queens served as classrooms where recitation was held, and the second floor housed the college&#39;s chapel and library. The wings on each side of the structure served as living quarters for the faculty of the College. At the time, with no dormitories (until 1890), students at Rutgers found housing within rooming houses and other off-campus locations throughout New Brunswick.</p><br>
<p>Today, Old Queens houses the offices of the university president and other top administration.</p><br>
<p>The gate outside Old Queens is the subject of a Rutgers legend. It is said that a Rutgers student should only walk through the gate on two days: convocation and graduation. One who passes through the gate on any other day during his/her undergraduate studies is said to be doomed to stay for an extra year or not even graduate.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Constructed of ashlar brownstone in the front and sides and of local field stone in the rear, the façade of Old Queens incorporates symmetry and balance typical of Federal style architecture, and classical motifs such as Doric pilasters, and low-height pediments (or tympanum or gables) resembling those on ancient Greek and Roman temples typical to the Early American period.</p><br>
<p>Old Queens boasts its original handmade glass windowpanes. The lower floor windows are 12x8, with 16x12 on the second and 12x12 third floors. In each of the gables, circular windows, typical to Federal architecture are present.</p><br>
<p>A cupola erected in 1825, topped by a weathervane, houses the Old Queens Bell donated by Colonel Henry Rutgers.</p><br>
<h2>Queen's Campus</h2><br>
<p>Old Queens is the oldest building and the centerpiece of the six extant building which constitute the Queens Campus. The historic core of the university, it contains the universitys oldest buildings. While the Old Queens building obtained a discrete separate listing on the National Register of Historic Places for landmark status in 1976, the entire six-acre campus with these six remaining buildings was included together as one historic site on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1973, and on the National Register of Historic Places on July 2, 1973. These six buildings are:</p><br>
<p>Old Queen&#39;s (built 1809–1825)</p><br>
<p>Van Nest Hall (1845)</p><br>
<p>Daniel S. Schanck Observatory (1865)</p><br>
<p>Geology Hall (1872)</p><br>
<p>Kirkpatrick Chapel (1873)</p><br>
<p>Winants Hall (1890)</p><br>
<p>A seventh building, the former "Presidents House" (built in 1841), was demolished in 1948 after damage sustained during a hurricane. Used as the residence of the colleges president in the nineteenth century, it was later used as a fine arts building before it was razed.</p><br>
<p>The Old Queens campus is accessed through four gateways, the Henry Rutgers Baldwin Gateway (erected 1901) on College Avenue, named for Henry Rutgers Baldwin (Class of 1849), the Class of 1883 Memorial Gateway (erected in 1904) at the corner of George and Somerset Streets, the Class of 1882 Gateway (erected 1907) at the corner of Somerset Street and College Avenue, and the Class of 1902 Memorial Gateway (erected in 1904) on Hamilton Street leading to the Voorhees Mall and the academic buildings on Rutgers University&#39;s College Avenue Campus. It is through this last gate that graduating seniors walk during Commencement exercises in May.</p><br>
<p>Located in front of Old Queens, the Class of 1877 Cannon commemorates both the Rutgers-Princeton Cannon War and several alumni who have served in the United States military. As a tradition during commencement, those graduating break clay pipes over the cannon as a symbol of breaking ties with their "pipe dreams" of youth and embarking into adulthood.</p><br>
<p>Claros  was an ancient Greek sanctuary on the coast of Ionia. It contained a temple and oracle of Apollo, honored here as Apollo Clarius. It was located on the territory of Colophon, one of the twelve Ionic cities, twelve kilometers to the north. The coastal city Notion lay two kilometers to the south. The ruins of the sanctuary are now found north of the modern town Ahmetbeyli in the Menderes district of Izmir Province, Turkey.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of Apollo at Claros was a very important center of prophecy as in Delphi and Didyma. The oldest information about this sacred site goes back to the sixth and seventh centuries BC. through the Homeric Hymns. A sacred cave near the Temple of Apollo, which was an important place both in the Hellenistic and Roman eras, points to the existence of a Cybele cult in earlier periods here. Games called the Claria were held at Claros every fifth year in honor of Apollo.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is unknown when the sanctuary was founded exactly and its origins are shrouded in mythology. Archaeological excavations revealed structures dating back to the 10th century BC.</p><br>
<h3>Materials & Source</h3><br>
<p>In the late Hellenistic period, a cargo ship carrying marble sank on its way to Claros off the southwest coast of modern-day Turkey. The ship was discovered in 1993, and has been under excavation since 2005. On this ship, an estimated fifty tons of marble columns were recovered that matched the description of the columns found at Claros, the temple of Apollo. Isotopic and meteorological data indicate Proconnesus as the source of the marble. The marble was being imported from Proconnesus Island to be used at the site, and was a special type of marble with distinctive blue and white bands known as Proconnesian Marble. The marble did not complete its 350 kilometer journey from Proconnesus Island to the Izmir Province of Turkey.</p><br>
<h3>Foundation</h3><br>
<p>The founding myth of Claros connects the city with the myth of the Epigoni who conquered Thebes. The two seers Teiresias and his daughter Manto became their captives along with other Thebans. The Epigoni sent them to Delphi to honor Apollo, but Teiresias died on the journey. At Delphi, Manto was commanded by Apollo to sail to Ionia with the remaining Thebans to found a colony there. When they arrived at the site where Claros would be founded later, they were seized by armed Cretans under Rhacius, the Cretan settler of Caria. After learning from Manto who they were and why they had come, Rhacius married her and allowed the Thebans to found Claros. Their heir was the seer Mopsus.</p><br>
<p>Thus the origin of the oracle at Clarus was remembered by Greeks of the Classical period as Minoan-Mycenean in origin. Archaeological investigations lend support to the myth. Intensely settled Mycenaean sites have been identified at Ephesus to the south and numerous other nearby sites. Miletus had a historical Minoan settlement, discovered in 1995/96 by the German school. In Claros itself, deep exploratory trenches dug between the altar and the temple façade, revealed Protogeometric pottery of the 10th century BC, attesting to the presence hinted at in myth.</p><br>
<p>At Colophon, a Mycenaean-era tomb has been found, but the presence of Mycenaean pottery is uncertain.</p><br>
<p>According to mythology the Greek seer Calchas, a participant in the Trojan War, died at Claros. He challenged Mopsus to see who had the greatest skill in divination, but lost and died of grief.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic period</h3><br>
<p>According to legend the oracle at Claros advised the citizens of Smyrna to move from Old Smyrna to the new Smyrna on Mount Pagos (modern Kadifekale), which was refounded there by Alexander the Great. The Smyrnaeans decided to follow up on the advice. Old Smyrna had lost its importance at the time, but after its second foundation it would become one of the most prosperous cities of Asia.</p><br>
<h3>Roman period</h3><br>
<p>Many monuments were erected in the Roman period (Pompey, Lucullus, Quintus Tullius Cicero); several took place above Hellenistic foundations. Pliny the Elder remarks that "At Colophon, in the cave of the Clarian Apollo, there is a pool, by the drinking of which a power is acquired of uttering wonderful oracles; but the lives of those who drink of it are shortened". Iamblichus said that the oracle, during the ecstasy “... is not in control of himself and does not follow what he is saying, or where he is...” Germanicus famously visited the oracle in 18 AD (a year before his death) and "It was said that he prophesied to Germanicus, in dark hints, as oracles usually do, an early doom".</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Claros had been entirely buried in the alluvial silt deposited by the small river at the site, a widespread phenomenon along this coastline during the 1st century BC, as the hinterland was deforested. T. Macridy uncovered the monumental entrance to the sanctuary in 1905 and returned for further explorations with the French archaeologist Charles Picard in 1913. Excavations recommenced between 1950 and 1961 under Louis Robert, and a series of important Roman dedicated monuments came to light, as well as the famous Doric Temple of Apollo, seat of the oracle, in its final grand though uncompleted Hellenistic phase, 3rd century BC. The Sacred Way was excavated in 1988 under J. de La Genière. Since then much alluvial spoil has been carted off-site and Claros was prepared to receive visitors.</p><br>
<p>The excavations conducted since 1988 have demonstrated that there was a religious area there around a spring of fresh water from the 9th century BC. The first known construction is a round altar of the second half of the 7th century. It was covered over around the middle of the 6th century by a large rectangular altar (14.85 × 6.05 m); at the same time a marble temple was built for Apollo around the spring while Apollo’s sister, Artemis, had her own precinct and a smaller altar (3.50 × 150 m): next to it were found the bases of two korai, one of which is preserved (the head is missing). There were at least four statues of kouroi dedicated to Apollo; three of them, incomplete, have been found.</p><br>
<p>Very few changes occurred in the sanctuary between the 6th and the end of the 4th century. At that time a new layout of the sacred area was conceived, with monuments on a larger scale; most probably, the plans were put into execution only after the terrible events of the beginning of the 3rd century BC. Later in the 3rd century construction began on the new altar and the new Temple of Apollo. It had a dark crypt-like adyton from where the oracle delivered his prophecies. Today it is well preserved and its narrow, dark and vaulted labyrinthine corridors remain.</p><br>
<p>Above the ground, remains can be seen of the base and fragments of the colossal sculptures of a seated Apollo with his lyre, accompanied by Leto and Artemis, facing to the east. The group, whose fragments are partially reassembled at the site, seems to have measured more than seven meters in height. In the sanctuary, rows of names of the countless grateful ancient visitors may still be seen, votive and memorial inscriptions on columns, on steps and walls and even on a curving marble bench: in their entirety the inscription of Clarus form the largest assembly of surviving Greek inscriptions. An elegant marble chair in the sanctuary has serpent arms, a reminder of the chthonic nature of all genuine oracles among the Hellenes.</p><br>
<p>After the beginning of the Roman Province of Asia (end of the 2nd century BC), prominent citizens of Colophon helped to increase the authority of the sanctuary, the importance of the religious competitions and the fame of the oracle. To celebrate the major sacrifices before crowds consisting of Greeks and non-Greeks, four rows of iron rings attached to heavy blocks allowed a hundred victims to be killed simultaneously. Claros is the only sanctuary in the Greek world which offers a clear picture of the way priests could perform the hecatomb.</p><br>
<p>Dundas Aqueduct carries the Kennet and Avon Canal over the River Avon  and the Wessex Main Line railway from Bath to Westbury. The nearest village is Limpley Stoke.</p><br>
<p>It was built by John Rennie and chief engineer John Thomas between 1797 and 1801, and completed in 1805. James McIlquham was appointed contractor.</p><br>
<p>It is named after Charles Dundas, the first chairman of the Kennet and Avon Canal Company. The aqueduct is 150 yd long with three arches built of Bath Stone, with Doric pilasters, and balustrades at each end.</p><br>
<p>The central semi-circular arch spans 64 ft; the two oval side arches span 20 ft.</p><br>
<p>It is a grade I listed building,</p><br>
<p>and was the first canal structure to be designated as a Scheduled Ancient Monument in 1951.</p><br>
<p>Over many years, leaks had developed and the aqueduct was closed in 1954. For a while in the 1960s and 1970s, the canal was dry and it was possible to walk along the bed on each side of the river, as well as through the aqueduct itself. The aqueduct was relined with polythene and concrete and restored, reopening in 1984. Care was taken not to disturb a colony of bats living under the aqueduct.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct is also the junction between the Kennet and Avon Canal and the largely derelict Somerset Coal Canal. The short stretch of the Somerset Coal Canal still in water forms Brassknocker Basin, used for boat moorings and cycle hire, and with a cafe. and is next to Dundas Wharf where the small tollhouse, warehouse and crane still stand. Renovation work is being conducted on the wharf. The stretch of river below and above the aqueduct is used by Monkton Combe School Boat Club (Monkton Bluefriars) up to six days a week, since at least the 1960s. At the opposite end of the aqueduct a wharf was constructed serving the Conkwell stone quarries.</p><br>
<p>Between 2002 and 2004 further restoration was undertaken, which included replacing engineering bricks used by GWR with Bath Stone to match the original work.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the railway below the aqueduct was lowered to allow the route to be used as a diversionary route for freight trains in the future. Network Rail published a time-lapse video of the work.</p><br>
<p>Zemlya Georga, or Prince George Land , is an island in Franz Josef Land, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Arctic.</p><br>
<p>Zemlya Georga was named by Benjamin Leigh Smith after Prince George.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>With a total surface of 2,821 km&sup2, Zemlya Georga is the largest island of the Franz Josef Archipelago. It is also the longest, with a distance of 115 km between its northernmost and its southernmost ends. The highest point of the island is the summit of Brusilov Ice Dome, the northeastern ice dome, at 416 m.</p><br>
<p>The island has a complex coastline, with many bays, deep inlets and capes. Zemlya Georga has three capes pointing southwestwards on its southern coast: Cape Neale (the westernmost end of the island), Cape Crowther and Cape Grant. Its easternmost cape is known as Mys Murray. The two capes pointing north, Mys Bryusa and Mys Battenberg, are separated from each other by Sommerville Bay. The westernmost cape of this peninsula is Mys Mul&#39;tanovskogo, beyond which lies the sound known as Proliv Arkhangelskiy between Zemlya Georga and Alexandra Land. The sound known as Cambridge Channel (Proliv Kambritch) is located further to the southwest. There are no permanent inhabitants on the island however there is a seasonal research station which can shelter up to 10 persons.</p><br>
<p>The Nightingale Channel (Proliv Neytingeyl) runs east of Zemlya Georga, separating it from Bruce Island.</p><br>
<h3>Glaciers</h3><br>
<p>Most of the land lies under large glaciers and ice domes, such as the Brusilov Ice Dome, Gretton Ice Dome, Dzegudze Ice Dome (Купол Дзегудзе), Zander Ice Dome, Foggy Ice Dome (Купол туманный), Arctic Geology Research Institute Ice Dome (Купол Научно-исследовательский институт геологии Арктики) and the Peary Ice Dome, although there is a large, mostly unglacierized peninsula at its northern end, Poluostrov Armitidzh.</p><br>
<h3>Adjacent Islands</h3><br>
<p>David Island (Ostrovok Davida), lat 80.15 N long 47.33 E, is a small islet located off Zemlya Georga&#39;s southwestern point.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Island lies north of Zemlya Georga&#39;s northernmost end, separated from it by the sound known as Proliv Li-Smita.</p><br>
<p>Prince Rudolf Land, Crown Prince Rudolf Land, Prince Rudolf Island or Rudolf Island  is the northernmost island of the Franz Josef Archipelago, Russia.</p><br>
<p>Because of its location, the island has served as a staging area for numerous polar expeditions.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rudolf Island is almost completely glaciated. It is located very close to the limit of permanent Polar ice. Its highest point is 461 m. The Middendorff Glacier (Lednik Middendorfa) covers the southeastern part of the island.</p><br>
<p>Cape Fligely, located on Rudolf Island&#39;s northern shore, is the northernmost point of Europe and Russia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was named by the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition in honor of Archduke Rudolf (1858–1889), Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia. It belongs to the Arkhangelsk Oblast administrative region of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<p>During the second International Polar Year, a weather station established on the island was the northernmost scientific outpost in the world.</p><br>
<p>Sheltered Teplitz Bay has been used as a stopping point for northbound ships. During 1899–1900, an expedition led by Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi stopped in the area. The Ziegler Polar Expedition of 1903–1905, led by Anthony Fiala left a large hut here.</p><br>
<p>Owing to the steep terrain in Rudolf Island, the only airfield access is a small snow strip 300 m up a glacier. It was constructed in 1936 as a staging area for the world&#39;s first drift ice station, North Pole-1.</p><br>
<p>Avoncliff Aqueduct carries the Kennet and Avon Canal over the River Avon and the Bath to Westbury railway line, at Avoncliff in Wiltshire, England. It was built by John Rennie and chief engineer John Thomas, between 1797 and 1801. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>During construction stone from a local quarry was used which broke when affected by frost. This caused buttresses to collapse and parts of the structure to need rebuilding. Eventually Bath stone from Bathampton Down was used enabling greater stability.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct consists of three arches and is 110 yd long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18.3 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10.4 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry and rock-faced blocks. The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times.</p><br>
<p>As part of the restoration of the canal the aqueduct was lined with a concrete "cradle" and made water-tight in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Aurlandsdalen  is a glacially-formed Norwegian valley that is about 40 km in length . The valley is situated in Aurland municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, to the south of the Sognefjorden. One of the best-known tourist tracks in Norway follows the valley from Geiteryggen just across the border of Hol municipality and north east to Aurlandsvangen at the Aurlandsfjorden in Sogn. The valley narrows and becomes a tight, dramatic Western Norway valley. It combines the natural beauty of glacially carved valleys with diverse, abundant plant species, and a number of cultural monuments in the form of old farms and mountain dairy farms  to form a recognized tourist attraction. The richness in plant species is due to both the soil, rich in minerals formed from phyllitt in the rocks and cultural influence through the centuries.</p><br>
<p>The upper part of the river running through the valley is called Stemberdøla; in the lower part it is called Aurlandselvi. The route from Aurland to Hol has been the shortest connection between western and eastern Norway since prehistoric times. Thus the valley has been an important connection line for commercial journeys and cattle drives through and along the valley and over the surrounding mountain highlands.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the valley</h2><br>
<p>Aurlandsdalen can be reached either from the village of Aurlandsvangen or from Vierbotn at Geiteryggen (which transliterates, perhaps descriptively, as goat&#39;s back). Access to Aurlandsvangen is possible via hurtigbåt (rapid boat) from Bergen or via the European route E16 highway. Geiteryggen can be reached via highway 50 from Hol in Hallingdal.</p><br>
<p>The ancient passage through the mountains can be traveled on foot via Norwegian Mountain Touring Association (DNT) marked tracks: Finse - Geiteryggen, Raggsteindalen (at Strandafjorden) - Geiteryggen or the track Iungsdalen - Stemberdalen. Another DNT track leads from Hallingskeid through Såtedalen, along north west side of Omnsvatnet and further over Bakkahelleren along Geiteryggvatnet to Geiteryggen.</p><br>
<p>The original proposal for routing the Bergensbanen railway track had it passing through Geiteryggen; if these plans had been carried out the railway tracks would have followed this trace to Hallingskeid.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Down the long valley, descending from the open mountain highland at Geiteryggen (1,232 m in elevation) the landscape becomes gradually more broken. At Stemberdalen, (also called Steinbergdalen, Stemmerdalen, Stodmerrdalen) at about 1100 m in elevation, the valley is wide and open with gradual mountains slopes and open areas covered with farm places. Earlier, before dams pooled the river into reservoirs, the river flowed gradually in broad turns which could be navigated by small boats. From Stemberdalen the valley again narrows with the hillsides steepening and the river channel increasing in gradient.</p><br>
<p>At Østerbø (Øvstebø, Aurdal), at about 900 m., for a limited stretch the timberline reaches up to the middle of the hillsides. The river widens to a calm lake, Aurdalsvatnet, which is now regulated for hydroelectric power generation. From Østerbø the valley becomes steeper and more narrow as it passes downwards to Vassbygdi (vass=water, bygd=settlement, parish). The mountain flanks rise steeply from the bottom of the valley. The river has cut deep gorges, where it is diverted to the south, then turning north again at Heimrebø, until it resumes it original course to the northwest. From here the river follows a gorge so deep that the valley bottom is impassable. At the depopulated Almen region, the valley is partly passable along the river. The valley then gradually widens until it meets Midjedalen in vassbygdi. From here to Aurlandsvangen, the bottom of the valley is relatively flat and even and the mountain flanks ascend steeply. Access to Aurlandsvangen is cut off by Vassbygdvatnet; the road bypasses the Vassbygvatnet through a tunnel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Power development and environmental impacts</h3><br>
<p>The Aurland river system was estimated to annually produce around 2 billion kWh of hydroelectric power. It was developed in the 1970s after a much disputed decision by the Stortinget (the Norwegian Parliament) in 1969. Oslo Lysverker (the Oslo utility) was behind this development. It was promoted as a demonstration of public power development.</p><br>
<p>The environmental impacts of the hydroelectric development are notable; the great waterfalls in the Aurlandsdalen have been silenced. The standing waves, spray and mist from the rapids and waterfalls has been substantially reduced. Due to diversion through tunnels, the water level in the river gorges is drastically reduced; dams restrain the thundering inferno that filled the gorges before the development. There are impacts beyond the loss of scenic beauty as well. The Aurlandselvi river is no longer one of the finest salmon rivers in Norway. Farmers no longer drive cattle, pigs and goats to spend the summer at Østerbø and Stemberdalen. The pack horses, formerly a common sight in the valley, as Jon Fimreite and Knut Sønnerheim among others transported provisions and supplies to Steinbergdalshytta and Østerbø, have become part of history.</p><br>
<p>Aurlandsdalen has become like the most of the other valleys, characterized by traffic, tourists and gradual urbanisation. Only the remote Nesbø-Vassbygdi region remains mostly undisturbed, if one ignores the strong reduction in the water flow in the Aurlandselvi and the visible stretch of highway between Berdalstunnellen (Berdal tunnel) and Nesbøtunnellen (Nesbø tunnel) visible in the hillside from the path at Heimrebø.</p><br>
<h2>Aurlandsdalen then and now</h2><br>
<h2>All-weather roads</h2><br>
<p>An all-weather road was built through the valley to support the hydropower development. This road also served the purpose of connecting eastern Norway with the western Norway, remaining open all winter and removing dependency upon ferries. It followed, by and large, the old historic route between Aurland and Hol.</p><br>
<p>Through this road, Bergen was connected to Oslo by way of Voss, Vinje, Nærødalen, Aurland and through Aurlandsdalen to Geiteryggen. From there it passes through Vierbotn, Sveingardsbotn along Strandafjorden to Hol in Hallingdal. By this road, it was possible to avoid the Kvanndal Kinsarvik ferry over the Hardangerfjord and the Hardangervidda, which was difficult to keep open in the winter time. Even though most of the road could be built to standard width, the tunnels between Vassbygdi and Stonndal were not built to the standard width.</p><br>
<p>In November 2000 the new Lærdalstunnellen between Aurland and Lærdal opened the route of a new main road between Oslo and Bergen, reducing the impact on Aurlandsdalen and limiting further strain. Although the Aurlandsdalen road was one of the motivating factors for the 1969 decision, construction of the improved route made the need less important. But the environmental changes are essentially irreversible.</p><br>
<h2>Old traffic arteries</h2><br>
<p>The tracks between Aurlandsvangen and Hol were by far the shortest routes between eastern Norway and western Norway. From ancient times Aurlandsdalen thus was one of the most important connections between Vestlandet and Østlandet. It was only recently that it became possible to drive cattle along the valley floor, made possible by blasting of a new passage, Sinjarheimsgaldene, in the cliff face at the Sinjarheim farm in 1870 and at Nesbøgaldene in the 1930s. Before 1930 cattle had to be driven over the mountain from Nesbø to Østerbø. At both Sinjarheimsgalden and Nesbøgaldene one had use wooden ladders to ascend across the vertical rock faces.</p><br>
<p>Before 1870 the cattle drives had to take the long detour, either over the Langfjellet mountain and down to Østerbø or over Stonndalen to Stemberdalen, or alternatively over Låvidalen to Geiteryggen. From there the journey continued down to Vierbotn via Sveingardsbotn further along Strandafjorden to Hol in Hallingdal.</p><br>
<h3>Old tracks</h3><br>
<p>The most important tracks were (see map - the numbers give no indication of their relative importance):</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>The configuration of settlements is typical for the rural farm culture of early Norway. Archeological indications show that the settlements are much older than the written sources indicate – some dating to before the Middle Ages. This section provides detail to allow perspective on the conditions and mores of former times.</p><br>
<p>As late as in 1850 there were 10 farms and cotters subfarms in Aurlandsdalen altogether:</p><br>
<p>Almen, Sinjareim, Teigen, Berekvam, Skori, Nesbø, Vikaneset, Aurviki and two farms in Aurdalen (Østerbø).</p><br>
<h3>Sinjarheim</h3><br>
<p>First known farmer was named simply Per, and first appears in records in 1611. The typical name by which he would have been known was Per Sinjarheim (or Per living on Sinjarheim). The last recorded farmer was Ingebrigt Jonassen Rinde born 1873 – died 1935.</p><br>
<h3>Almen</h3><br>
<p>The cotters (crofters) subfarm under Sinjarheim was Almen. First known cotter was Magne Sult, also mentioned as Magne Olsen Almen, born 1718 – died 1753. Last resident at Almen was Simon Johannessen Belle born 1830 - died 1912. The farm today consists of a small house, Almastova and a small barn.</p><br>
<p>Almastova is a small one room jointed timber house at about 3.5 x 4.0 m. It is said that Almastova is the oldest existing wooden building in Aurlandsdalen. According to architect Arne Berg at NIKU the shape of the joints indicate that the building probably was erected about 1600. The building previously had wooden flooring, now lost. Beside the door there is an external chimney of stone masonry.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 Aurlandsdalen Kulturlandskap (Aurlandsdalen Culture Landscape) by Aurland Naturverkstad (Aurland Nature Workshop) 42.000 N. Kr. (£3,500) from Norsk Kulturminnefond (Norwegian Cultural Monuments Foundation) for restoration of Aalmastova.</p><br>
<h3>Teigen</h3><br>
<p>The earliest recorded farmer was Peder Ellingsen Teigen born 1632 - dead 1661. Last resident is Lars Knudsen Teigen, born 1796 - dead 1848.</p><br>
<h3>Berekvam</h3><br>
<p>The earliest recorded farmer was Gudbrand who pays taxes for Teigen 1603. Last resident was Øystein Olsen Berekvam, born 1901.</p><br>
<h3>Skori</h3><br>
<p>No record.</p><br>
<h3>Holmen</h3><br>
<p>No record.</p><br>
<h3>Nesbø</h3><br>
<p>The earliest recorded farmer was Anders Nesbø, mentioned in documents from 1670. Last resident is Sivert Nesbø born in 1888 and emigrated to America in 1909.</p><br>
<h3>Vikaneset</h3><br>
<p>No record.</p><br>
<h3>Urdviki (Aureviki)</h3><br>
<p>The earliest recorded farmer was Elling, mentioned in documents from 1718. Last in Urdviki were the family of Sjur Eriksen Urdvik (Urevik) born 1813 - dead 1850.</p><br>
<h3>Øvstebø (Østerbø)</h3><br>
<p>The earliest recorded farmer was Nils Urdal (Aurdal) who pays land taxes 1632. Dead 1638. Last resident at Østerbø is Knut Mikkelsen Østerbø, born 1846 - dead 1914.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>The population in Aurland in 1845 was recorded as 2,811 individuals. Extensive emigration to America, deaths from the Spanish Influenza in 1918-1919 and emigration to the cities, especially in the twentieth century, resulted in a population decrease to 2,193 by 1960. As of 2004 the population had fallen further to 1803 individuals.</p><br>
<p>Wilczek Island,  is located in the southeastern end of Franz Josef Land, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wilczek Island was the first island of the Franz Josef Archipelago on which the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition set foot on November 1, 1873. A grave was dug ashore for Otto Krisch, a deceased member of the expedition and a cairn was erected with a message in a sealed container in it informing about the new discovery.</p><br>
<p>On August 5, 1991, German ship Dagmar Aaen with the Arved Fuchs expedition reached Wilczek Island. Fuchs dug up the Austro-Hungarian expedition bottle from among the stones in the cairn, but the writing inside could not be read. The document was brought to the office the Federal Criminal Police Office in Wiesbaden. There the writing was deciphered and it was confirmed that it was a note from Polar explorers Julius Payer and Karl Weyprecht. The document is now in the German Naval Museum in Bremerhaven.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Wilczek Island is a 10 km long island southwest of Salm Island, separated from the latter by a 3 km wide sound. The island is mostly unglacierized, except for a small ice cap in the north and a smaller one in the south.</p><br>
<p>"Wilczek Island" should not be confused with much larger Wilczek Land located in the same archipelago, but they are both named after Austro-Hungarian Count Johann Nepomuk Wilczek. Count Hans Wilczek was the most important sponsor of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition to Franz Josef Land.</p><br>
<h3>Adjacent islands</h3><br>
<h4>Lamont Island</h4><br>
<p>12 km south of Wilczek Island lies Lamont Island (остров Ламон) 79° 48 N; 58° 40 E. This is a small double island, only 1.3 km in length. Lamont Island is the southernmost island of the Franz Josef Archipelago. In some maps it appears as Lamon Island.</p><br>
<p>This double islet was named after Scottish Arctic explorer Sir James Lamont.</p><br>
<p>Cape Zhelaniya , is a headland in the Russian Federation. It is an important geographical landmark. The area in the vicinity of the cape is a desolate place, exposed to bitter Arctic winters. The cape along with the surrounding part of Novaya Zemlya is protected as part of Russian Arctic National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cape Zhelaniya is located at the northern end of Severny Island, the northern island of Novaya Zemlya. This headland is a geographic point of reference to mark the separation between the northern ends of the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea.</p><br>
<p>It belongs administratively to the Arkhangelsk Oblast of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There was a Soviet Arctic station in Cape Zhelaniya in World War II which was shelled by the Kriegsmarine during Operation Wunderland.</p><br>
<p>It became a secret experimental station during the Cold War while a multitude of nuclear tests, including 88 atmospheric ones, were conducted in Novaya Zemlya. It functioned as a weather station until 1994, and since 2005 there has been an automatic meteorological station located here.</p><br>
<p>Lamon Bay is a large bay in the southern part of Luzon island in the Philippines. It is a body of water connecting the southern part of Quezon province to the Pacific Ocean, and bounds the coastal towns of Atimonan, Gumaca, Plaridel, Lopez, Calauag, and the islands of Alabat. It is a rich fishing ground and the home of various living corals. Most parts of the bay consist of gray sand, some parts are filled with rocks, and other living corals. It is gradually sloping to the extent that, during low tide, the water level is low enough to allow one to walk as far as five hundred metres from the shore. The beaches in the towns of Gumaca and Plaridel are sandy and ideal for swimming. In some parts of the bay, about ten feet from the beach front, are living corals. The town of Lopez has the best colonies of corals which are located just about 15 minutes by boat from the shore. Lamon Bay is located at the southern part of Quezon.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A large sea bay and island on the indented Pacific coast of Luzon, consisting of predominantly coral shore with pockets of intertidal mudflat and mangrove in the smaller bays. In many places, the nearshore corals have died and have been covered with silt to form sandy flats. The island of Alabat (33 km long) has an extensive mangrove fringe along its southwest shore, with several hundred hectares of intertidal mudflats exposed at low tide. Large portions of the original mangrove forest have been degraded or completely destroyed for the construction of fish and shrimp ponds. The average tidal rise and fall is about l.25m.</p><br>
<p>During the invasion of the Philippines in World War II, Japanese forces landed on three locations: Mauban, Plaridel (then Siain) and Atimonan. By Christmas Day, 1941 they were in Pagbilao where Palsabangon Bridge (Km. 143.332) was blown almost in the face of the pursuing Japanese.</p><br>
<p>Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji</p><br>
<p>Mount Fuji is the tallest volcano in Japan, and also the highest peak.</p><br>
<p>The mountain as it appears now is the "New Fuji volcano", which began to erupt about 10,000 years ago. Under the "New Fuji volcano" lies the "Old Fuji volcano", which was active between 100,000 years ago and 10,000 years ago, and the "Komitake volcano", which became active 700,000 years ago.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory</h2><br>
<h3>Komitake & Old Fuji</h3><br>
<p>There has been volcanic activity in the vicinity of Mount Fuji for several million years. The earliest geologically known volcano was Mount Komitake that became active 700,000 years ago. Another volcano the south-east of Mount Fuji - known as Mount Ashitaka - was also highly active throughout the period. The peak of Komitake is about 2,300 m above sea-level on the north face of Mount Fuji (at the fifth station).</p><br>
<p>Komitake entered another period of activity around 100,000 years ago. This created a new volcano known as Old Fuji that reached a height of 3,100 m. It created many explosive eruptions that threw out large amounts of scoria, volcanic ash and lava.</p><br>
<h2>New Fuji</h2><br>
<p>Following the Old Fuji period, there were about 4,000 years of inactivity, ending at around 5,000 years ago, when Mount Fuji became active again; this period is known as New Fuji, and continues to the present day. Eruptions of New Fuji exhibit phenomena such as lava flows, magma, scoria, volcanic ash, collapses and side eruptions, leading it to be called "a department store of eruptions". Ash from New Fuji is often black, and eruptions are new in terms of geological layers. Valuable data on the activity of Mount Fuji is recorded in Japanese historical documents dating from the 8th century onwards. It exhibits a range of representative eruptions.</p><br>
<h3>The Gotemba mud flow</h3><br>
<p>About 2,300 years ago the east face of the volcano collapsed and lahars flowed down to the Gotemba area as far as the Ashigara plain in the east and the Suruga bay across Mishima city in the south. This incident is now called the Gotemba mud flow. Liquid mud piled up over an area as wide as the city area of Mishima.</p><br>
<h3>Jōgan eruption</h3><br>
<p>In 864 (the 6th year of the Jōgan era) there was an eruption on the north-east side of Mount Fuji, which produced a great amount of lava.</p><br>
<p>* 864 (Jōgan 6, 5th month): Mount Fuji erupted for 10 days, and it ejected from its summit an immense quantity of cinders and ash which fell back to earth as far away as the ocean at Edo bay. Many people perished and a great numbers of homes were destroyed. The volcanic eruption began on the side of Fuji-san closest to Mount Asama, throwing cinders and ash as far away as Kai province.</p><br>
<p>Some of the lava filled up a large lake Senoumi which existed at the time, dividing it into two lakes, Saiko and Shōjiko. This is known as the Aokigahara lava, and at present is covered by the dense Aokigahara forest.</p><br>
<h3>Hōei eruption</h3><br>
<p>The latest eruption, in 1707 (the 4th year of the Hōei era), was known as the great Hōei eruption. It followed several weeks after the Great Hōei earthquake, an 8.7 in the Richter scale. The earthquake severely damaged the city of Osaka, but more than that, it created enough seismic activity to compress the magma chamber 20 km deep in the inactive Mt. Fuji. Due to the compression of the magma chamber, basaltic lava rose from the bottom to the higher dacitic magma chamber at 8 km deep. The mixing of the two different types of magma caused a plinian eruption to occur. Previous to the Hoei, another earthquake named Genroku had struck Japan in 1703. The earthquake affected both Kanagawa and Shizuoka prefectures; Genroku was measured as an 8.2 in the Richter Scale, it caused the same effect as Hoei but with less severity. It clamped the dike of the mountain at 8 km to the surface (where the dacitic magma resides), as well as the basaltic chamber at 20 km deep. Many articles find a correlation between the two earthquakes, getting to the conclusion that without one another the Hoei eruption would’ve not happened.</p><br>
<p>* November 11, 1707 (Hōei 4, 14th day of the 10th month): The city of Osaka suffers tremendously because of a very violent earthquake.</p><br>
<p>* December 16, 1707 (Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month): An eruption of Mt. Fuji; the cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi. This eruption was remarkable in that it spread a vast amount of volcanic ash and scoria over a region as far away as Edo.</p><br>
<h3>Records of eruption</h3><br>
<p>Sixteen eruptions of New Fuji have been recorded since 781. Many of the eruptions occurred in the Heian era, with twelve eruptions between 800 and 1083. Sometimes inactive periods between eruptions lasted for hundreds of years, as in the period between 1083 and 1511, when no eruptions were recorded for over 400 years. At present, there have been no eruptions since the Hoei eruption in 1707–1708, around 300 years ago.</p><br>
<h2>Current eruptive danger</h2><br>
<p>Scientists study the activity of the magma rising by measuring CO2 emissions in the deeper parts of the volcano. Studies from before the Tohoku earthquake show the CO2 emissions below 5 gCO2/m/day, which is the detection limit. If the emissions rise above 5 gCO2/m/day then seismic activity is occurring and an eruption could possibly take place. According to a five-stage evolutionary model for the release of volcanic gas, Mt. Fuji would be considered stage I. Magma is at a considerable 10 km depth and no emissions of gasses can be observed regularly.</p><br>
<p>Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami much attention was given to the volcanic reaction of Mt. Fuji. Experts have found that the internal pressure of the Mt. Fuji magma chamber has increased to an estimated 1.6 megapascals, raising speculation over the possibility of an eruption. The estimated damage to Japan from a Fuji eruption is at ¥2.5 trillion ($25 billion).</p><br>
<p>Professor Masaki Kimura has predicted on the basis of his many studies an eruption of Mt. Fuji in 2015, four years after the major Tohoku earthquake in 2011, and similar to the Hoei eruption four years after the Genroku earthquake. Professor Kimura mentions two important details that back up his prediction. One, the rise in the water level in Lake Sai, just after the Tohoku earthquake, which he believes was caused by the melting of a permafrost layer in the summit of the mountain by rising magma. And two, the continuous occurrence of phreatic eruptions, explosions of steam, around the mountain. It should also be noted that Professor Kimura is the author of two books that refer to his predictions: Fujisan no Funka wa Hajimatteiru! (The Eruption of Mt. Fuji has Begun), released in June 2012, and Fujisan Dai Funka! Bukimina Itsutsu no Choko (Major Eruption of Mt. Fuji! Five Eerie Signs), released in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Conewago Creek is a 23.0 mi tributary of the Susquehanna River in Lebanon, Dauphin, and Lancaster counties in Pennsylvania in the United States. The source is at an elevation of 1,100 ft at Mount Gretna Heights in Lebanon County. The mouth is the confluence with the Susquehanna River at an elevation of 261 ft at the border of Dauphin and Lancaster counties, just south of Three Mile Island in the river and just north of the unincorporated village of Falmouth in Conoy Township, Lancaster County.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name of the creek comes from the Lenape, meaning "at the rapids". The rapids are the Conewago Falls in the Susquehanna River, which also give their name to the other Conewago Creek, whose mouth is on the west bank of the Susquehanna River in York County, only 1.6 mi south of the mouth of this Conewago Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Conewago Creek flows generally southwest its entire length. The source is in Lebanon County in West Cornwall Township near the census-designated place of Mount Gretna Heights. It then flows through the borough of Mount Gretna and into South Londonderry Township and the census-designated place of Timber Hills. A small southern portion of South Annville Township is also in the watershed.</p><br>
<p>As Conewago Creek leaves Lebanon County, it forms the border between Dauphin County (to the north) and Lancaster County (to the south). In Dauphin County, the creek runs by Conewago Township first, then Londonderry Township. In Lancaster County, it runs by Mount Joy Township, West Donegal Township, just north of the borough of Elizabethtown, and finally Conoy Township.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The Conewago Creek watershed has a total area of 52.5 square miles and is part of the larger Chesapeake Bay drainage basin via the Susquehanna River. 53% of the watershed by area is given to agriculture. 15.8 mi of Conewago Creek downstream of its confluence with Little Conewago Creek are impaired, that is they are "too polluted to sustain the kind of fish and other aquatic life that it could sustain if it were a healthy stream." Sections of four other tributaries, including Lynch Run, Hoffer Creek, and two unnamed tributaries, are also impaired. Agricultural surface runoff and sediment are the major pollutants.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Little Conewago Creek</p><br>
<p>Hoffer Creek</p><br>
<p>Brills Run</p><br>
<p>Lynch Run</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Edward Gertler writes that Conewago Creek is "a fascinating little creek that is alternately either very easy or very exciting". Canoeing and kayaking on Conewago Creek are possible when the water is high enough (in spring and after hard rain), with 11.6 mi of Class 1 to 3 whitewater located upstream of the mouth.</p><br>
<p>Several hiking trails are located in the Conewago Creek watershed, including the Conewago Recreational Trail, Lebanon Valley Rails-to-Trail, and Horse Shoe Trail.</p><br>
<p>Public hunting, trapping, and fishing are available on the 2,793 acre of Pennsylvania State Game Lands No. 145 in Lebanon County. Conewago Creek between Dauphin and Lancaster counties has been designated as approved trout waters by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. This means the waters will be stocked with trout and may be fished during trout season.</p><br>
<p>Monument Hill and Kreische Brewery State Historic Sites is a historic state park located at 29.888° -96.876°, just off USA Route 77, south of La Grange, Texas. The park sits on a sandstone bluff above the Colorado River. Monument Hill is a crypt and memorial to the men who died in the Dawson Massacre and in the Black Bean Episode of the ill-fated Mier Expedition.</p><br>
<p>The Kreische Brewery site commemorates the contribution European immigrants made in Texas, specifically German immigrant, stonemason and brewer Heinrich Kreische, whose house and brewery ruins are in the park. The Kreische Brewery and house were listed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 16, 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On September 18, 1848, the remains of Texans killed in the Dawson Massacre and the Black Bean Episode (death lottery), which had been retrieved from their original burial sites, were reinterred in a common tomb with a sandstone vault at the location now known as Monument Hill. Over 1,000 people came for the ceremony including USA Senator Sam Houston.</p><br>
<p>On January 17, 1849, Heinrich Ludwig Kreische, a recent German immigrant, purchased 172 acre of land, which included the tomb. He built a three-story house and, in 1860, began building a brewery. By 1879, it was the third largest brewing operation in Texas, with its flagship product being "Kreische&#39;s Bluff Beer." Kreische maintained the tomb for the rest of his life, but the tomb and Kreische Brewery began to deteriorate after his death in 1882. The brewery closed in 1884.</p><br>
<p>The Kreische family made several requests to have the tomb removed from their property, as it was frequently vandalized. On April 15, 1905, a new law passed by the Texas Legislature authorized acquisition, by purchase or condemnation, of 0.36 acre of land that the grave was on. The state acquired the land by condemnation on June 24, 1907. In 1933, the State Highway Commission fenced the 0.36 acre and agreed to maintain it as a state park. In the same year, the Daughters of the Republic of Texas purchased a new granite vault for the tomb. For the 1936 Texas Centennial, the Texas Centennial Commission erected a 48 ft shellstone monument with an art deco mural to prominently mark the mass grave.</p><br>
<p>Authority for the site was transferred to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department in 1949. In 1956, The citizens of Fayette County purchased 3.54 acre around Monument Hill and deeded the land to the state for parkland. Another 36 acre, including the Kreische Brewery and the Kreische Home were added in 1977. The complete site opened to the public in 1983, after archaeological studies were completed.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>The bluff at Monument Hill is the northern limit of the Oakville Escarpment of Miocene era bearing sandstone. This escarpment or "cuesta" marks the boundary between the Upland Post Oak Woodlands and the Fayette Prairie environments. The erosion of this sandstone cap has created pockets of alkaline soil. This alkaline soil is favored by several species of plants and animals normally found in, or even endemic to the Texas Hill Country, 70 miles northwest. These species were transported to Monument Hill by the Colorado River, creating an isolated colony of western species that coexist with eastern woodland and prairie communities.</p><br>
<p>Onota was a village in the Upper Peninsula of the USA state of Michigan. It was located on the Grand Island Bay of Lake Superior near the present-day community of Christmas about five miles  west of Munising in Alger County. The site of Onota is within the Bay Furnace Campground and Picnic Area of the Hiawatha National Forest. The remains of Bay Furnace, a blast furnace used for smelting iron, is the only extant remnant of the town. Bay Furnace was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Onota was originally a Native American fishing site. When Schoolcraft County was set off in 1848, Onota was designated as the first county seat.</p><br>
<p>However, the first recorded settlement at that location dates from 1869, when Bay Furnace, a blast furnace used for smelting iron, was established there. A post office opened May 16, 1870 and was discontinued August 14, 1879, after a fire destroyed the village. The Onota post office was reestablished and transferred on May 18, 1881, to a mining site in Onota Township approximately 15 mi to the west, before being discontinued on February 29, 1924.</p><br>
<p>Raw materials and supplies were unloaded from ships and pig iron was loaded onto ships docked at a pier built for that purpose which extended about 1,400 ft into Lake Superior. Charcoal made in Onota was also transported to furnaces in and around Marquette. Iron smelting began in the spring of 1870, producing 3,498 tons of pig iron that year. In 1871, the product was 3,597 tons, and 4,900 tons in 1872. In 1872, a second stack was built and began production in December; By 1874, 52 kilns were running in the timbered land owned by the Bay Furnace Company, and Bay Furnace Stack Number One was producing fifteen tons of pig iron per day.</p><br>
<p>By the fall of 1876, the Bay Furnace Company was bankrupt, having engaged in disputes with New York financier Samuel J. Tilden, who had financed the New York Iron Mine which provided ore to the mine.</p><br>
<p>The town was destroyed by fire in 1877, at which time it had a population of about 500, most of whom were somehow involved in supporting the operations of the furnace or the local aspects of Michigan&#39;s early iron industry.</p><br>
<p>It was a dry season and the woods around Onota had been burning for several days. On May 31, a strong wind from the south drove the flames into the village and ruined it in a matter of hours. The village was not rebuilt and only ruins of the furnace kiln remained, and were later partially reconstructed on the original location. In 1948, the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company gave 54 acre to the USA Forest Service for historical and recreational use. Surrounding buildings destroyed by the fire included the casting shed, charging house, machine shop, blacksmith shop, and storage sheds.</p><br>
<h2>Stack Description</h2><br>
<p>The remnants of the blast furnace are all that remain of Onota. The Bay Furnace Stack Number One is constructed from coursed stone. It was originally 45 feet high, with a closed top, nine-foot, and boilers located at the top. Stack Number Two was an iron shell on columns with 9-1/2-foot boshes. Two sets of six charcoal kilns were located two miles from the furnace, two miles apart.</p><br>
<p>The Mindoro Strait  is one of the straits connecting the South China Sea with the Sulu Sea in the Philippines. It separates Mindoro Island from Busuanga Island . Located between the two islands is the Apo Reef, the largest coral reef system in the Philippines. The reef divides the strait into the Apo East Pass and the Apo West Pass.</p><br>
<p>The Mindoro Strait is part of an alternate route for ships passing between the Indian and Pacific oceans and a common one for those exceeding the Malaccamax size and therefore being incapable of using the Strait of Malacca.</p><br>
<p>Modern bathymetric soundings have shown that the centers of the Mindoro Strait and the Sibutu Passage are both deep enough that they probably existed during the last ice age, thus contradicting the favored H. Otley Beyer&#39;s theory that the first settlers of the Philippines came through land bridges around that period. If verified, the earliest people of the country would have needed boats to cross the open sea to reach the islands.</p><br>
<p>Balabac Island is the southern-most island of the Palawan province in the Philippines, only about 50 km north from Sabah, Malaysia, across the Balabac Strait.</p><br>
<p>Administratively, the island forms the main part of Balabac Municipality and is divided into 14 barangays (the other 6 barangays of the municipality are on other nearby islands):</p><br>
<p>Balabac Island is home to various endemic species. It is the home of birds like the grey imperial pigeon (Ducula pickeringii), Philippine cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia), blue-headed racket-tail (Prioniturus platenae), and the Palawan hornbill (Anthracoceros marchei). The Philippine mouse-deer, a subspecies of the greater mouse-deer (Tragulus napu) can only be found in this island.</p><br>
<p>The Molbogs, a Muslim ethnolinguistic group, is concentrated in this island. Their livelihood includes farming, fishing and barter trading with the nearby Mapun and Sabah market centres.</p><br>
<p>Sgùrr na Banachdaich is one of the main summits on the Black Cuillin ridge. Like the rest of the range it is composed of gabbro, a rock with excellent grip for mountaineering.</p><br>
<p>This is one of the easiest of the main Black Cuillin peaks to ascend. The simplest route ascends via Coire nan Eich from Glen Brittle. Hands are unlikely to be required until the summit is reached, though there is much steep ground and scree.</p><br>
<p>Other routes require more scrambling ability, including the excellent ridge running out to Sgùrr nan Gobhar (Grade 1/2) which is fairly straightforward but best used for descent. In both directions, the main Cuillin ridge requires moderate scrambling; the continuation southwards towards Sgùrr Dearg is rated Grade 2, and the NE ridge towards Sgùrr Thormaid is a Grade 3.</p><br>
<p>Bruach na Frìthe is one of the principal summits on the Black Cuillin ridge. Like the rest of the range it is composed of gabbro, a rock with excellent grip for mountaineering. The Bruach cannot be seen in the popular view from Sligachan - the right hand peak which is often mistaken for it is the lower Sgurr a&#39; Bhasteir.</p><br>
<p>This is one of the easiest and probably the most ascended of the main Black Cuillin peaks, requiring no scrambling ability. The simplest route ascends via Fionn Coire, though the slightly harder Northwest Ridge is also a popular route. All routes cross steep ground and scree.</p><br>
<p>The summit is one of the best viewpoints in the Cuillin. Though not the highest peak in the range, it is the only one to have an Ordnance Survey pillar.</p><br>
<p>The Arfak Mountains is a mountain range found on the Bird&#39;s Head Peninsula in the Province of West Papua, Indonesia.</p><br>
<p>The term "arfak" came from the language of the coastal Biak people, meaning "inferior." This is due to how big the mountains are compared to other lowland areas found in this region. Located in the east and central regions of the Birds Head Peninsula, these mountains rise steeply from the sea, with little or no coastal plain surrounding them. Mount Arfak, at 2,955 m, can be viewed from the provincial capital, Manokwari, and is the highest point in West Papua and the Birds Head Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Since the Dutch colonial times, the range has been one of the most frequently explored and best known regions of West Papua for bird watching. Along with the Tamrau Mountains in the north, the two ranges have been divided by the grassy Kebar Valley, which is the heartland of many indigenous people, with a variety of backgrounds. Found near the town of Manokwari, the mountains are an important and threatened site of biodiversity, part of the Vogelkop Montane Rain Forests Ecoregion. The Hattam, Meyah and Sougb indigenous peoples, who speak mutually unintelligible languages, all call the Arfak Mountains their home, and ultimately are the guardians of the future of the exquisite, yet increasingly threatened bird species found throughout this rugged region.</p><br>
<p>The York Street Historic District in Newport, Kentucky was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 26, 1995. Most of the buildings were built in the mid and late Victorian era. The district is bounded by Seventh Street on the north and Tenth Street on the south.</p><br>
<p>The York Street Historic District, while smaller than East Row Historic District, contains a variety of interesting buildings and businesses, including some beautiful churches.</p><br>
<p>The Salem United Methodist Church (now the The Stained Glass Theatre), is at Eight and York. It was built in 1882 and designed by Samuel Hannaford. In 1986 Newport&#39;s Salem United Methodist Church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. On March 10 it was damaged by a tornado. Damage estimates at the time were $210,000. The church congregation capped the steeple, repaired the holes and removed the debris, but due to a decrease in membership and a great deal left to repair, they felt it would be best to merge with another Methodist congregation, and put the church up for sale.</p><br>
<p>Other churches in the district include the First Baptist Church at 8th and York Streets and the former York Street Congregational Church.</p><br>
<p>The York Street International Café (Eighth and York streets) displays the original stained glass sign from its historic use as a drugstore.</p><br>
<p>Lodge Park was built as a grandstand in the Sherborne Estate near the villages of Sherborne, Aldsworth and Northleach in Gloucestershire, England. The site is owned by the National Trust and the former grandstand is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. It is England&#39;s only surviving 17th-century deer course and grandstand.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century Lodge Park was modified into a house, then a row of cottages, and then into a house again. It was bequeathed to the National Trust in 1982, and restored to its original form as a grandstand. Lodge Park is open to the public at advertised times, and the footpaths in the Sherborne Estate are available to the public at all times.</p><br>
<h2>Lodge Park</h2><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1630s John Crump Dutton created a deer course on his Sherborne Estate; this consisted of a park for containing the deer, a mile-long walled enclosure for the chase, and, overlooking the finish, a grandstand. His grandfather, Thomas Dutton, was descended from the Dutton family of Dutton, Cheshire, and had bought the manor of Sherborne in 1551. As originally constructed, the grandstand consisted of two storeys with a flat roof and a basement. At the entrance was a portico with a balcony, and the basement contained the kitchens. At the back of the building was a range containing the staircases linking the floors. The ground floor was the entrance hall for welcoming guests, and the first floor consisted of the Great Room where the guests were entertained. The deer coursing could be observed from the flat roof or from the balcony over the portico.</p><br>
<p>During the 1720s the building was remodelled and refurnished by Sir John Dutton, 2nd Baronet. New stone floors were added, a new plasterwork ceiling was added to the Great Room, and new furniture was designed. Dutton employed Charles Bridgeman to redesign the landscaping. Jeffrey Haworth is of the opinion that the new interiors and some of the furniture was designed by William Kent.</p><br>
<p>There were then few changes until the early 19th century when the building was modified to make it into a house. The staircase range and the chimney piece from the Great Room were removed; the latter was incorporated in the rebuilding of Sherborne House to the design of Lewis Wyatt. The removal of the staircase range adversely affected the stability of the house. A pitched roof was installed in place of the original flat roof, lowering the ceiling of the former Great Room. In the middle of the 19th century the interior of the building was gutted and it was converted into a row of cottages; this further impaired the stability of the building.</p><br>
<p>Between 1898 and 1902 the building was converted into a dower house for Emily, the wife of the 4th Baron Sherborne. The rear wing was rebuilt in a different form. The first floor was made into a bedroom with an en suite bathroom. The dining room was on the ground floor, with a lounge and a staircase in the newly built rear wing; the staircase led to a drawing room on the first floor. However Lady Sherborne died in 1905 before her husband, and it is unlikely that she ever occupied the house. Further alterations were made in 1938, when the house was tenanted, and again in the 1950s, when Charles, the 7th Baron, and his wife moved into the house. Charles died in 1982 and bequeathed the house and the estate to the National Trust.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>When the National Trust acquired the property the house was in a poor condition; the external walls were moving and the chimney stacks were collapsing. The interior consisted of "a jumble of small-scale modern rooms and corridors". Howard Colvin had discovered a 1634 description of the building. Further information was found in the Sherborne Archive in the Gloucester Record Office. Essential repairs were carried out, and archaeological investigations revealed more evidence about the building&#39;s original form and its subsequent alterations. It was decided to restore the building to a condition close to its original form.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>As Clive Aslet states, the building "is bursting with architecture". A description written in 1634 suggests that the design was inspired by Inigo Jones&#39; Banqueting House in Whitehall, London. At one time it was thought that it had been designed by Jones, but this is incorrect. The citation in states that it was probably designed by John Webb and built by Valentine Strong of Taynton.</p><br>
<h4>Exterior</h4><br>
<p>The building is constructed in ashlar stone, with rusticated quoins and a moulded plinth. Its main part has a rectangular plan in two storeys, with a flat lead roof and an extension to the rear. The east face forms the entrance front. It is symmetrical in five bays with a protruding three-bay single-storey portico. The portico has three round arches on columns and is surmounted by a balustrade. The central doorway has a round arch and on each side are two mullioned and transomed windows. On the first floor is a central doorway with a mullioned window above and arched niches in each side. The other bays contain mullioned and transomed windows. There are string courses between the storeys and over the upper storey. Over the lateral two windows on the ground floor are curved tympani, and over each bay in the upper storey is a broken tympanum. Each of these tympani contains a sculpted human head. A balustrade runs around the top of the roof, and at its rear are six joined chimneys.</p><br>
<h4>Interior</h4><br>
<p>The entrance hall contains two original arches. One of these includes a fireplace, the other leads to the staircase. The National Trust has inserted a panelled wall on the left. The staircase has been rebuilt by the National Trust in a stairwell measuring 18 ft by 18 ft, and its oak balusters have been copied from those at Cornbury Park in Oxfordshire.</p><br>
<p>The Great Room on the first floor has been restored in an attempt to link with its original design, including its classical ordering with a dado, pilasters and entablature. The walls would have been hung with tapestry, but this has been replaced with family portraits that originally hung in Sherborne House. The floor has been reconstructed, using chestnut boards measuring 49 ft from the Welsh border. The chimneypiece has been reconstructed by masons from the Hereford Cathedral workshop.</p><br>
<h3>Associated structures</h3><br>
<p>Three structures associated with the Lodge Park have been designated as Grade II listed buildings by English Heritage. About 10 m to the south of building is a pair of gates with piers that date from the mid-18th century or earlier. The gates are constructed in cast iron and the piers are in limestone. The piers consist of hammer-dressed quoins up to the level of the top of the gates; on the top of each is a large stone block surmounted by a triangular pedimented capping stone. Some 40 m to the east is a fountain probably dating from 1898. This consists of a circular stone surround with four urns, one at each cardinal point. In the centre is the fountain, also in the form of an urn, but larger than those on the surround. Further to the east, some 120 m from the building, is a pair of limestone lodges with adjoining walls, gate piers and gates also dating from about 1898.</p><br>
<h3>Parkland</h3><br>
<p>To the west of Park Lodge is an area of parkland of 115 hectares. This was landscaped to a design by Charles Bridgeman from the mid-1720s for Sir John Dutton. It is registered by English Heritage at Grade I. The park contained a series of "rooms" (presumably for herding deer), a Great Avenue, and a serpentine canal.</p><br>
<p>In the parkland there is a long barrow at map reference SP1426712550, with a capstone and two upright stones visible at the south-eastern end.</p><br>
<h2>Sherborne Estate</h2><br>
<p>The estate is open to the public. It contains wild animals including fallow and roe deer, badgers and foxes. There are a number of footpaths and walks in the estate, including a sculpture trail; some of these start from Ewe Pen Barn. On the estate are water-meadows, including draining channels and sluices.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the estate was the venue for the BBC Two wildlife television programmes Springwatch and Autumnwatch.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Lodge Park is open to the public at advertised times and has a small shop and provides light refreshments. The building is available for weddings. The Sherborne Estate is open all year.</p><br>
<p>Bakestall is a fell in the English Lake District, it is situated seven kilometres  north of Keswick in the quieter, even secluded northern sector of the national park known as ‘Back o’ Skiddaw’.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Bakestall reaches a height of 673 m (2,208 ft) and strictly speaking it is not a separate fell being just an insignificant rise on Skiddaw’s northern slopes. Alfred Wainwright gave Bakestall a separate chapter in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells because of the impressive Dead Crags which fall beneath the summit and the fine waterfall of Whitewater Dash at the fells foot. Indeed Bakestall was not even mentioned on the old Ordnance Survey one-inch map for many years, a situation now rectified on its metric equivalent probably because of Wainwright’s having drawn attention to the fell.</p><br>
<p>Dead Crags are composed of Skiddaw Slate and drop 150 metres (500 feet) down into the corrie on the northern side of the fell. The crags do not attract rock climbers because of the crumbly nature of the slate, which has much vegetation growing within it. Whitewater Dash is highly rated as one of the finest falls in the national park as Dash Beck descends in a series of cataracts; were it situated in a more accessible part of the Lake District it would be a major attraction. Bakestall had a lead mine on its slopes many years ago, the adit being situated at the side of Dead Beck on the western periphery of the fell. All drainage from Bakestall goes north to join Dash Beck and then to Bassenthwaite Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Bakestall can be climbed as part of the less crowded northern approach to Skiddaw using the rough track to Skiddaw House (part of the Cumbria Way) as far as Whitewater Dash falls and then ascending Birkett Edge to reach the summit. A fence can be followed up Birkett Edge although walking at the side of the corrie edge gives an opportunity to examine the crags. From the summit of Bakestall it is a two kilometre walk south west and then south with 275 metres (about 900 feet) of ascent to reach the summit of Skiddaw.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the fell is at a turn in the fence, although Wainwright had his top of the fell 100 metres further north, which is a better viewpoint and is marked by a fair-sized cairn, unusual in the grassy northern fells. The view from the top of fell is severely curtailed by the bulk of Skiddaw to the south and there is no view of the main part of Lakeland. However, it is possible to view the Solway Firth and the Scottish Border hills.</p><br>
<p>Mount Drum is a stratovolcano in the Wrangell Mountains of east-central Alaska in the United States. It is located at the extreme western end of the Wrangells, 18 mi west-southwest of Mount Sanford and the same distance west-northwest of Mount Wrangell. It lies just inside the western boundary of Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, and is 25 mi east of the Copper River.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Standing near the low valley of the Copper River, Mount Drum is notable for its large local relief. For example, its south face rises 6,000 ft over the head of the Nadina Glacier in only 1.6 mi. Its west slopes rise 9,000 ft over the tundra in only 10 mi, and 11,000 ft over the Copper River in only 25 mi.</p><br>
<p>These numbers are comparable to better-known stratovolcanoes like Mount Rainier and Mount Shasta. However Mount Drum is somewhat overshadowed by its much higher neighbor Mount Sanford, which is also in Alaska.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Drum was active between 650,000 and 240,000 years ago. Late in that period, various separate dacitic domes were formed in a rough circle around the current summit at a radius about 4 mi; one such dome is the current Snider Peak (8,250 ft) to the south of the main peak. After the constructive phase,</p><br>
<p>...paroxysmal explosive activity, probably from the central vent area, destroyed the south half of the stratovolcano and deposited ~7 km of hot and cold avalanche debris over an area &gt;200 km.</p><br>
<p>The effects of this explosive phase can still be seen in the particularly steep south face of Mount Drum above the Nadina Glacier.</p><br>
<p>Mount Drum is flanked on the west by the Shrub and Klawasi mud volcanoes. In historic times, the only activity in the vicinity of Drum has been mud and gas emitted from this group.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Mount Drum was first climbed on June 4, 1954 by noted Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer, with Keith Hart and George Schaller, via the North Ridge. Heinz Allemann and Niklaus Lötscher made the second ascent on August 26, 1968, via the Southwest Ridge. The latter is the current standard route, and is rated Alaska Grade 2+.</p><br>
<p>The Dayton Street Historic District is located in the Old West End neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. It was once known as "Millionaires&#39; Row" for the prominent industrialists who resided in a row of opulent mansions built between 1850 and 1890. It is bounded by Bank Street, Poplar Street, Linn Street, and Winchell Avenue. The district was designated and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 25, 1973.</p><br>
<p>Due to its location well north of Cincinnati when the city was founded, the district occupies land that was originally used by small farmers, both for crop fields and for livestock pasture; some of the massive stockyards in the city once known as "Porkopolis" were located nearby, although even farther from the original city. As the city grew, wealthy residents built country houses within the districts boundaries, beginning c. 1840 and continuing until the Civil War era. Significant development began c. 1860 and continued for the next two decades. Typical buildings erected during this time are multi-story Italianate residences constructed of brick or stone, similar to townhouses but detached. At the neighborhoods height, the residents were wealthy businessmen, most of whom were active in the city&#39;s meatpacking and brewing industries, and many of these men were careful to beautify their homes with elements such as stone retaining walls and fences of cast iron; while much of the stonework and ironwork has been lost, large amounts of both remain. The entire historic district embraces approximately four hundred contributing properties, almost all single-family houses, although there are occasional exceptions; the former Police Station No. 5 on York Street was included. The Hauck House Museum is located at 812 Dayton Street and the Mayor George Hatch House is located at 830 Dayton Street.</p><br>
<p>The Morris–Butler House is a Second Empire-style house built about 1864 in the Old Northside Historic District of Indianapolis, Indiana. Restored as a museum home by Indiana Landmarks between 1964 and 1969, the American Civil War-era residence was the non-profit organization&#39;s first preservation project. Restoration work retained some of its original architectural features, and the home was furnished in Victorian and Post-Victorian styles. Its use was changed to a venue for Indiana Landmarks programs, special events, and private rentals following a refurbishment in 2013. Regular daily tours of the property have been discontinued.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Private residence</h3><br>
<p>The house was built about 1864 for John D. Morris, an Indianapolis businessman, who was the son of Morris Morris, an Indianapolis settler. It is believed that the home was designed by noted Indianapolis architect Diedrich A. Bohlen. The house is located in what was then a suburb of Indianapolis, an area now known as the Old Northside Historic District. Morris lived in the house with his family until the 1870s, when the family experienced financial difficulties. In 1878 he sold the house to Noble Chase Butler, a bankruptcy lawyer and clerk of the United States District Court in Indianapolis. Butler lived in the house with his wife and seven children until his death in 1933. Butlers daughter, Florence, lived in the house until her death on January 7, 1957. By that time the neighborhood was quite different. Most of the homes were low-income rentals and many suffered from neglect. The house was briefly used as an artists studio, gallery, and apartments between 1957 and 1964.</p><br>
<h3>Historic house museum</h3><br>
<p>With funds from Eli Lilly Jr., Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana (now Indiana Landmarks) bought the house in 1963, when it was in danger of being destroyed by the construction of Interstate 70. Lilly had once lived on North Delaware Street, about a block away from the Morris–Butler House, with his first wife, Evelyn Fortune Lilly, in the 1920s. He also had known Florence Butler. Lily provided $22,500 to purchase the house and additional funds for restoration. The home, named after the two families who once resided there, was Historic Landmarks Foundations first historic preservation project.</p><br>
<p>Architect H. Roll McLaughlin, A.I.A., of James Associates and a president of Indiana Landmarks, headed the restoration. Work included repairing warped floors, cleaning and repainting the darkened brickwork, and adding a new slate roof. The house was opened to the public as a historic home and decorative arts museum in May 1969. Its interiors were furnished and decorated in Victorian-era furnishings, along with a few reproductions. Notable furnishing included a Wooton desk, paintings by Hoosier artist Jacob Cox, and Charles Eastlake chairs. Indiana Landmarks staffed the house with tour guides, coordinated further restoration, and hosted educational and cultural events. Morris–Butler House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h3>Refurbished as event space</h3><br>
<p>Refurbishments to the house made during 2012 and 2013 included general repairs, painting, improvements to its landscape, and interior updates. Its use was changed from a house museum to a venue for Indiana Landmarks programs, special events, and event rentals. Daily tours of the property have been discontinued.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Second Empire-style home, with overall dimensions are 46 ft by 71.83 ft, is located the corner of North Park Avenue and East 12th Street, north of downtown Indianapolis, adjacent to the Indiana Landmark Center and a part of its campus complex. The exterior features a French mansard roof of gray slate, a white limestone foundation, red brick walls, a four-story tower, and a limestone arch at the main entrance. The home has two main stories in addition to a cellar, an attic, and the brick tower. It also contains wooden front and side porches, dormers, and cornices. The dwellings central hall floor plan has a service ell at the rear. A roofed breezeway connects the service ell to a red-brick summer kitchen. The houses projecting window on its south façade and its front porch are surmounted by iron railings. The property also contains a carriage house with living quarters. A black mental fence installed around the perimeter of the landscaped lot is a reproduction.</p><br>
<p>Parkfairfax is a neighborhood in Alexandria, Virginia, United States, located in the northwestern part of the city near the boundary with Arlington County. Nearby thoroughfares are Interstate 395 , State Route 402 , and West Glebe Road.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood consists of 1,684 townhouse-type condominium apartments in more than 200 buildings on 132 acre built in 1941 and 1942 by Metropolitan Life Insurance Company of New York at the request of USA President Franklin Roosevelt to provide housing near the new Pentagon. Like the neighboring Arlington County neighborhood of Fairlington, Parkfairfax is listed on both the National Register of Historic Places and on the Virginia Landmarks Register.</p><br>
<p>The name is similar to those of other Metropolitan Life projects that use a local area name preceded by "park" (e.g., Parkchester, Parklabrea, and Parkmerced) despite the area not having been a part of Fairfax County since 1801.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Parkfairfax was originally on 202 acre and was the only Metropolitan Life project of this type to have no high rise buildings.</p><br>
<p>Former presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford both lived in Parkfairfax for a time when they were in the United States Congress. Secretary of State (under John F. Kennedy) Dean Rusk also lived in Parkfairfax.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, Cardinal Karol Józef Wojtyła - the future Pope John Paul II - visited the Parkfairfax apartment of Polish-American journalist John Szostak and offered his blessing.</p><br>
<p>From 1977 to 1979, Parkfairfax was renovated and sold as condominium apartments by The IDI Group Companies.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and commerce</h2><br>
<p>The Arlington County community of Shirlington provides restaurants, stores, bars, live theater, a cinema, and the Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail trailhead within walking distance for Parkfairfax residents via a pedestrian walkway that crosses the Shirlington Circle interchange with I-395. Nearby shopping can be found at The Village at Shirlington.</p><br>
<p>Conewago Creek is an 80.2 mi tributary of the Susquehanna River in Adams and York counties in Pennsylvania in the United States, with its watershed also draining a small portion of Carroll County, Maryland. The source is at an elevation of 1,440 ft, east of Caledonia State Park, in Franklin Township in Adams County. The mouth is the confluence with the Susquehanna River at York Haven in York County at an elevation of 259 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name of the creek comes from the Lenape, meaning "at the rapids", although the rapids are not on Conewago Creek. Instead, the rapids are the Conewago Falls beyond the creek&#39;s mouth in the Susquehanna River, which also give their name to the other Conewago Creek, whose mouth is on the east bank of the Susquehanna River in Dauphin and Lancaster counties, only 1.6 mi north of the mouth of this Conewago Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Conewago Creek flows east 39 mi, then northeast 41 mi to its mouth. The source is in Franklin Township in Adams County, and the mouth is at the Susquehanna River at York Haven in York County.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The Conewago Creek watershed has a total area of 515 square miles and is part of the larger Chesapeake Bay drainage basin via the Susquehanna River. 5.22 square miles of the watershed are in Maryland, and the rest is located in Pennsylvania. 50.22% of Adams County is drained by Conewago Creek and its tributaries, while 26.96% of York County is in the creek&#39;s watershed.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Opossum Creek</p><br>
<p>South Branch Conewago Creek</p><br>
<p>Bermudian Creek</p><br>
<p>Little Conewago Creek (west)</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Canoeing: Edward Gertler writes that Conewago Creek is "a dull creek. if you have seen one mile of Conewago, you have seen it all". Canoeing and kayaking on Conewago Creek are possible when the water is high enough (in spring and after hard rain), with 69 mi of Class A to Class 1 whitewater located upstream of the mouth.</p><br>
<p>Fishing: A small section of Conewago Creek in western Adams County has been designated as approved trout waters by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. This means the waters will be stocked with trout and may be fished during trout season. Further downstream in Adams County there is a small "catch and release" section of the creek.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges and dams</h2><br>
<p>There are many crossings and dams, some of which are named:</p><br>
<p>Ganoga Bridge</p><br>
<p>East Berlin Dam</p><br>
<p>Browns Dam</p><br>
<p>Dicks Dam</p><br>
<p>Detters Mill Dam</p><br>
<p>Sharrer Mill Dam</p><br>
<p>Kuhn&#39;s Fording Bridge - removed</p><br>
<p>Harlacher Bridge</p><br>
<p>Sheeps Bridge</p><br>
<p>Iron Bridge near Biglerville</p><br>
<p>Jabalcón or Cerro Jabalcón is a mountain near the city of Baza in the Granada province in Spain. It reaches a height of 1,494 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p>At the foot of Javalon are the Baños de Zújar (baths of Zújar). They maintain a temperature over 30°C all year round, and are heated by a geo-thermal source underground.</p><br>
<p>The mountain also has a church situated on top as well as television and other communication towers. Paragliders frequently launch from the top of here as the mountain is surrounded by relatively flat land.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Popular legend claims that this hill is an extinct volcano because of its dome-shape and the geo-thermal sources at its base. It is however an isolated limestone outcrop, made up of dolomite, similar to the composition of the Sierra de Baza mountains further away.</p><br>
<p>Liddel Water is a river running through southern Scotland and northern England, for much of its course forming the border between the two countries, and was formerly one of the boundaries of the Debatable Lands.</p><br>
<p>Liddel Water&#39;s source is beneath Peel Fell in Roxburghshire, in the Scottish Borders, where it is formed by the confluence of Caddroun Burn, Wormscleuch Burn and Peel Burn (burn is the Scots term for a stream). Soon afterwards, the nascent Liddel Water is fed by Dawston Burn near the village of Saughtree.</p><br>
<p>The river continues to pick up tributaries (see below) as it follows its southwesterly course, which takes it through the village of Newcastleton (also known as Copshaw Holm) to that of Kershopefoot, where the burn begins to mark the Anglo-Scottish border.</p><br>
<p>Liddel Water then flows into the River Esk at Willow Pool, overlooked by the earthworks of the former castle of Liddel Strength near Carwinley, Cumbria.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Peel Burn</p><br>
<p>Wormscleuch Burn</p><br>
<p>Caddroun Burn</p><br>
<p>Wane Cleuch</p><br>
<p>Singdean Burn</p><br>
<p>Dawston Burn</p><br>
<p>Cooper Cleuch</p><br>
<p>Alison Sike</p><br>
<p>Cliffhope Burn</p><br>
<p>Kiln Burn (at Burnmouth Farm)</p><br>
<p>Riccarton Burn (at Riccarton Farm)</p><br>
<p>Larriston Burn (at Hewisbridge Cottage)</p><br>
<p>Storff Burn</p><br>
<p>Little Warrington Sike</p><br>
<p>*Bught Sike</p><br>
<p>Holm Sikes</p><br>
<p>Boghall Burn (at Dinlabyre)</p><br>
<p>Riever Sike (at Ovenshank)</p><br>
<p>Hermitage Water (near Sandholm)</p><br>
<p>Hartsgarth Burn</p><br>
<p>*Routing Burn</p><br>
<p>Thief Sike</p><br>
<p>Paddington Sike</p><br>
<p>Toftholm Sike</p><br>
<p>Roughley Burn</p><br>
<p>*Watt&#39;s Burn</p><br>
<p>*Roughley Sike</p><br>
<p>*Laidlehope Burn</p><br>
<p>*Leys Burn</p><br>
<p>Whitrope Burn</p><br>
<p>*Pirryshiel Sike</p><br>
<p>*Sundhope Burn</p><br>
<p>**Black Cleuch</p><br>
<p>**Windy Cleuch</p><br>
<p>Dinley Burn</p><br>
<p>Braidley Burn</p><br>
<p>*Tongue Burn</p><br>
<p>*Barley Burn</p><br>
<p>*Crib Burn</p><br>
<p>Gorrenberry Burn</p><br>
<p>Billhope Burn</p><br>
<p>*Langtae Sike</p><br>
<p>Chapel Grain</p><br>
<p>*Caulker Grain</p><br>
<p>Twislehope Burn</p><br>
<p>Ryedale Burn (near Brox)</p><br>
<p>Ralton Burn</p><br>
<p>*Burnt Burn</p><br>
<p>*Rigging Sike</p><br>
<p>Black Burn (opposite Whithaugh)</p><br>
<p>Bedda Cleuch</p><br>
<p>Branch Cleuch</p><br>
<p>Hog Gill</p><br>
<p>Long Gill</p><br>
<p>*Rough Gill</p><br>
<p>Priesthill Burn (at Whithaugh)</p><br>
<p>Tweeden Burn (at Tweeden Plantation)</p><br>
<p>Deep Sike</p><br>
<p>Tinnis Burn (opposite Kershopefoot)</p><br>
<p>Todhunter Grain</p><br>
<p>Black Grain</p><br>
<p>Green Burn</p><br>
<p>Kershope Burn (at Kershopefoot)</p><br>
<p>Clark&#39;s Sike</p><br>
<p>Muir Burn (near Bankhead)</p><br>
<p>Rae Gill</p><br>
<p>Whitlawside Burn (near Whitlawside)</p><br>
<p>Archer Beck (near Crookholm)</p><br>
<p>Mid Cleuch</p><br>
<p>Rowan Burn (at Rowanburnfoot)</p><br>
<p>The River Ehen is a river in Cumbria, England.</p><br>
<p>The river&#39;s source is at the west end of Ennerdale Water: it runs west through Ennerdale Bridge where it is joined by Croasdale Beck (flowing from Banna Fell). Ennerdale Water itself is fed by the River Liza.</p><br>
<p>The Ehen continues past Cleator Moor and Cleator, where it is fed by the River Keekle, moving southwards through Egremont and eventually running parallel to the Irish Sea which it eventually joins at Sellafield at the same point as the River Calder.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The river supports the largest freshwater pearl mussel population in England.</p><br>
<p>The river is a breeding ground for Atlantic salmon. There is widespread poaching along the length of the river.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental protection</h2><br>
<p>The river Ehen was designated a Special Area of Conservation in 2005. The section of the coast into which it flows was designated as the Cumbria Coast Marine Conservation Zone in 2013.</p><br>
<p>It is the only river in England to be part of the project "Pearls in Peril", funded by the European Union&#39;s LIFE + NATURE Programme. The project aims to conserve the species at 21 sites in the UK. The freshwater pearl mussel relies for part of its life on the presence of salmonids, a group of fish including salmon and trout.</p><br>
<p>Sellafield has previously used water from the River Ehen for cooling on the site, but ceased this operation in the 1990s. There is a weir on Ennerdale Water, and as at 2016 the valley continues to be an important source of drinking water for customers of United Utilities in West Cumbria. However, there are plans to supply these customers using a new pipeline from Thirlmere because the Environment Agency has confirmed that for environmental reasons it will rescind the abstraction licence for Ennerdale. This means United Utilities must stop using it as a source of water by 2025 at the latest, and therefore will need to find one or more alternative sources of water.</p><br>
<p>The River Liza flows through Ennerdale, a glacial valley in Cumbria, England. The river is allowed to flow freely as part of a rewilding project.</p><br>
<p>The Liza flows from its source below Windy Gap on Great Gable through a steep-sided valley to Ennerdale Water. The river&#39;s catchment is in the Lake District National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name of the Liza derives from the Old Norse ljós á, conferring a meaning of "light (or shining) river".</p><br>
<h2>Rewilding</h2><br>
<p>The river is subject to the Wild Ennerdale Project which aims to introduce more wildlife to the Ennerdale Valley. The Wild Ennerdale Project uses a policy similar to managed retreat which means the river is subject to no human interference or maintenance such as dredging, straightening or even flood defences. This means the river is free to flood as the effects would be felt by very few people as the Ennerdale Valley is sparsely inhabited.</p><br>
<p>The river is used as a spawning ground by Arctic char and the project has increased their numbers.</p><br>
<p>Leck Beck is a watercourse in Lancashire with its source on Crag Hill in Cumbria between Leck Fell and Casterton Fell.</p><br>
<p>For several kilometres near the start of its course, the water flows into the Ease Gill Cave System, part of The Three Counties System, the longest cave system in Britain (and 26th longest in the world) via 14 major sink holes, to resurge at a major spring at Leck Beck Head.</p><br>
<p>The rising of Leck Beck Head was dived extensively in the 1980s and required underwater digging and the use of an air chisel to make progress. The overflow for this rising, Witches Cave (Yorkshire), has been dived through a 300m sump into Witches II. A dry entrance was dug into Witches II from the surface in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Beck flows through Leck, Cowan Bridge and Overtown before joining the River Lune near Nether Burrow.</p><br>
<p>Carrock Fell is a fell in the English Lake District, situated in the northern region of the national park, 8 miles  north-east of Keswick. The fell&#39;s name means "Rock Fell", from the Cumbric carrec, meaning a rock, and Old Norse fjall, meaning a fell.</p><br>
<h2>Height</h2><br>
<p>The fell&#39;s elevation seems to have decreased by two metres in recent years. The Ordnance Survey now give it a height of 661 m (2,168 ft) in the most recent map updates after having recorded it at 663 metres for many years. Many guidebooks and mountain tables still record 663 metres as the “official” height.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Well known Lake District scribe Alfred Wainwright rated Carrock Fell as the second most exciting and interesting fell in the northern area of Lakeland (after Blencathra and before Skiddaw), it has special appeal regarding geology, mining and history and its rocky nature makes it stand out from the neighbouring fells which are mainly grassy and smooth. Carrock Fell is bounded to the south and east by the River Caldew into which all drainage from the fell goes to find its way eventually to the Solway Firth.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Carrock Fell’s geology is unique in the Lake District in that it is predominantly composed of Gabbro, a rough igneous rock that also makes up the famous Black Cuillin on the Isle of Skye. Gabbro is an excellent “clean” rock for climbers and Carrock Fell offers the only rock climbing of quality in the northern fells, the majority of which are made up of the unsuitable crumbly Skiddaw Slate. The fell is rich in mineral ores and has been mined extensively for many centuries with tungsten, lead, arsenic and iron all being extracted from the fell. The most famous mine on the fell was the Carrock Mine, the only source of tungsten in Britain outside of Devon and Cornwall. The mine was situated in Grainsgill Beck on the south western flanks of the fell with the main adit at a height of 340 metres. The mine was opened in 1854 but has only been worked in periods when the price of tungsten has been high, for example during wartime, the mine was worked extensively during both World Wars and the Korean War when supplies of Tungsten were threatened. The mine closed in the early 1980s and in 1988 the site was bulldozed and landscaped to its original outline.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Carrock Fell is also the site of an Iron Age hill fort which crowns the summit. Only the foundations of the walls remain. The fort is oval shaped and is believed to have been built by the Celts and destroyed by the Romans in their conquest of northern England. Carrock Fell&#39;s other claim to historical fame is that it was climbed by well-known British novelists Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins in 1857 during a tour of northern Cumberland. Dickens had read about the fell and had made up his mind to climb it.</p><br>
<p>Collins sprained his ankle and Dickens had to help him back down the mountain, according to The New Yorker 7/25/11 in an article by Jonathan Rosen. (Collins wrote the first English-language detective novel, The Moonstone.)</p><br>
<p>Later, Collins and Dickens collaborated on a humorous narrative based in part upon their climb up Carrock Fell, entitled The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Despite all its other attractions, Carrock Fell is primarily the haunt of the fell walker; it is mostly climbed from the surfaced road which goes to the site of the Carrock Mine. It is possible to leave a car at and then climb the fell by the steep south-west slopes. Carrock Fell can also be climbed from the road between Mungrisedale and Hesket Newmarket, threading a way through the craggy and bouldery eastern slopes known as "Apronful of Stones".</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top of the fell offers a good view to the east towards the Pennines across the Eden valley. Carrock Fell has two subsidiary summits, Round Knott (603 metres) and Milton Hill (607 metres) which lie to the west of the main summit on the ridge which continues to the adjoining fell of High Pike.</p><br>
<p>Scărișoara Cave , is one of the biggest ice caves in the Apuseni Mountains of Romania, in a part of Carpathian chain. It is considered a show cave and one of the natural wonders of Romania. It has also been described as a glacier cave.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First mentioned in 1863 by the Austrian geographer Arnold Schmidl, who made some observations and the first map of the cave,Steve Kokker, Cathryn Kemp (2004).</p><br>
<p>, Lonely Planet Publications, p. 232. it was later explored by the Romanian scientist and speleologist Emil Racoviță between 1921 and 1923, who mentioned it and its origin in his 1927 work Speleology. The ice cave was formed 3500 years ago, during the glaciations, when these mountains were covered by snow and ice. The exact date when the cave was first discovered by humans is unknown.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cave is located at an altitude of approximately above sea level. It is deep and long. The entrance shaft, which is in diameter and in depth, gives access through metal stairs to a large chamber, the Great Hall, which is approximately long and wide. The Great Hall includes an ice cliff nearly tall, which overlooks a pool called the Pool of Ice.</p><br>
<p>From the Great Hall, passages lead into several other named rooms: the Church, which features over 100 ice stalagmites, the Great Reservation, Coman Gallery to the left, and Little Reservation to the right.</p><br>
<p>The ice within the cave has an estimated volume of 50,000 m&sup3; and in some places can be as thick as. The temperature is up to +1 °C in the summer and down to -7 °C in the winter. In the part for tourists the average temperature is around 0 °C. Bats live in the ice cave, as do small bugs (2–3 mm long) called Pholeuon prozerpinae glaciale. In the Big Reservation a Rupicapra skeleton was discovered.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The portion of the cave open to tourists includes the entrance shaft, The Big Hall and The Church. Access to the other chambers is reserved for scientific research by the agreement of the Speological Institute of Cluj-Napoca.</p><br>
<p>The River Brock is a river running through the county of Lancashire in England.</p><br>
<p>Commencing its journey on Fair Snape Fell, the infant River Brock runs beneath the Bleasdale Circle before continuing via Claughton and Bilsborrow to St Michael&#39;s On Wyre, where it joins the River Wyre. A significant length of River Brock forms the northern bounrdary of City of Preston, Lancashire.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>*New Draught</p><br>
<p>**Old River Brock</p><br>
<p>***Bacchus Brook</p><br>
<p>***Bull Brook</p><br>
<p>**Withney Dike</p><br>
<p>**Woodplumpton Brook</p><br>
<p>***Swill Brook</p><br>
<p>***Blundel Brook</p><br>
<p>**New Mill Brook</p><br>
<p>***Barton Brook</p><br>
<p>****Dean Brook</p><br>
<p>****Sparling Brook</p><br>
<p>*****Factory Brook</p><br>
<p>****Westfield Brook</p><br>
<p>*****Mill Brook</p><br>
<p>******Whinnyclough Brook</p><br>
<p>*******Bullsnape Brook</p><br>
<p>*Lickhurst Brook</p><br>
<p>*Huds Brook</p><br>
<p>*Winsnape Brook</p><br>
<p>*Clough Heads Brook</p><br>
<p>Dumat al-Jundal  is an ancient city of ruins located in North Western Saudi Arabia in the Al Jawf Province; it is located 37 km away from Sakakah. The name Dumat al-Jandal means literally "Dumah of the Stone", since this was the territory of Dumah, one of the twelve sons of Ishmael. The city&#39;s ancient Akkadian name was Adummatu.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-Islamic History</h2><br>
<p>The city has a history dating back to the 10th century BC and is mentioned in Akkadian inscriptions of the Assyrian empire dating to 845 BC in which it is referred to as Adummatu and is described as the capital of an Arab kingdom, sometimes named as Qedar (Qidri). The names of five powerful Arab queens that ruled this city are known, among them Zabibe, Samsi, Tabua and Te&#39;elhunu. The latter is also given the title of high priestess of Atarsamain, a deity of fertility, love and war associated with Ishtar. Dumat al-Jundal was the site of an important temple dedicated to Ishtar.</p><br>
<p>Excavations made by Khaleel Ibrahim al-Muaikel in 1986 added to observations made in 1976 that an homogenous layer of Roman-Nabataean pottery sherds indicating a prosperous community during the time of the Nabataeans to whom this realm of the region probably belonged.</p><br>
<p>In 106 AD, Dumatha was incorporated into the Roman Empire when the Emperor Trajan defeated the Nabataeans. Dumatha remained integral to the Limes Arabicus for over four centuries, serving as the easternmost settlement along the limes. In 269 CE, the place was mentioned by Zenobia, the Queen of Palmyra, as city with an immune fortress. After her forces had captured the city, the fortress of Marid withstood the attack in her revolt against the Romans. Later in the 5th century CE, the city became the capital of the kingdom of Kindah. In 633 CE, Khalid ibn al-Walid captured Dumat Al-Jandal and it became a part of the newly formed Islamic empire.</p><br>
<h2>During Muhammad's era</h2><br>
<p>Muhammad ordered the Invasion of Dumatul Jandal took in July 626. The purpose was to Invade Duma, because Muhammad received intelligence that some tribes there were involved in highway robbery and preparing to attack Medina itself. No casualties were reported as, Ghatafan tribe flees</p><br>
<p>He also ordered the Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Dumatul Jandal) which took place in October 630 to attack the Christian prince of Duma.</p><br>
<p>As well as the Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (2nd Dumatul Jandal) in April 631 to demolish an idol called Wadd, worshipped by the Banu Kalb tribe</p><br>
<h2>Omar Bin Al Khattab Mosque</h2><br>
<p>The mosque of Omar Ibn al-Khattab is situated in the town of Dumat al-Jandal, a major intersection of ancient trade routes linking Mesopotamia, Syria and the Arabian Peninsula. The mosque itself was built in 634-644. However, the actual building appears to have been built in a much later period, casting doubt upon its attribution to Umar Ibn al-Khattab. Some scholars attribute it to the Umayyad Caliph Omar bin Abul Aziz, and some believe that the mosque was named after Bani&#39;Amr, a tribe that settled in Dumat al-Jandal.</p><br>
<p>The north (qibla) wall of the mosque faces the al-Marid castle across a street. On its other three sides, it is surrounded by dense urban fabric. Like the other old buildings in the town, the mosque is built in stone. It is composed of a courtyard preceding the main prayer hall to the south and another space, also used for prayer, to the north. The minaret is at the southwestern corner of the prayer hall bridging over a street. The mosque is entered through a door situated in the qibla wall, near the minaret. The prayer hall is formed by three rows of stone pillars, running parallel to the qibla wall. The pillars are all by wooden lintels, which in turn support layers of stone that are roofed by mud-plastered acacia and palm trunks.</p><br>
<p>The mihrab is a narrow, highly pointed niche in the center of the qibla wall, and is defined by a similar niche with three built-in stone steps to its right. The mihrab, the minbar, and the lower part of the qibla wall are lastered white. Viewed from the exterior, one sees that the mihrab and minbar protrude slightly out of the qibla wall. Also visible is an exposed stone staircase constructed along the qibla wall from the street side that reaches the mud roof. The minaret shaft has a rectangular shape that tapers upward to end in a pyramidal roof. The four internal floors of the shaft were accessed by a now-collapsed spiral staircase entered from the mosque. On each side of the minaret, and on each floor, a rectangular window with a stone lintel provides lighting for its interior.</p><br>
<h2>Al Dar'i Quarter</h2><br>
<p>Al Dari Quarter is located in the neighborhood of Omar Bin Al Khatab Mosque and Marid fortress, which represent the old quarter of Dumat Al Jandal. Al Dari Quarter is considered to be one of remaining antiquities of Dumat Al Jandals ancient city which has escaped the demolition shovels befalling the historical market of Dumat Al Jandal 25 years ago. Dr. Khalil Al Meaigil has stated that, the facilities of the quarter which dates back to the middle Islamic age have established on antiquities layers and is based on layers of archaeological works dating back to the mid-first millennium BC. The neighborhood is characterized by the stone buildings and stone lanes between the gardens and water, which had a life of residents living near by the springs. In Al Dari Quarter there are many of houses which we hope will enjoy the necessary care and restoration. Worth mentioning that, the old quarter is built on the ruins of the earlier revivals which can be seen in multiple layers, as well as the emergence of the old road of the district under the existing buildings. We recommend documenting the individual buildings so as not to overlap the work of the buildings at the excavation site and lose interest to know the chronology of the site.</p><br>
<p>The King Edward Hotel, built in 1923 as the Edwards Hotel, is an historic hotel in downtown Jackson, Mississippi. The second of two buildings located on the site at the corner of Capitol and Mill Streets, it was closed and vacant for nearly 40 years before renovations began in 2006. The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, and declared a Mississippi Landmark in 1990. It was restored from 2007-2009 as a combination of apartments and the Hilton Garden Inn Jackson Downtown, which opened on December 17, 2009. It features the King Edward Grill, King Edward Bar, Pavilion Pantry convenience mart, Seattle&#39;s Best Coffee shop, and a fitness center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original hotel on the site, known as the Confederate House, was built in 1861 by "Major" R.O. Edwards. It was destroyed in the Civil War in 1863. Major Edwards built a new hotel on the site, the Edwards House, which opened in 1867. This structure was replaced in 1923 by the present building, a 12 story beige brick structure, designed in the Beaux-Arts architecture style by New Orleans architect William Nolan. The hotel opened as the Edwards Hotel on December 29, 1923, and was the center of Jackson society and politics for over forty years.</p><br>
<p>A room at the hotel was used by Okeh Records to record a number of important blues sessions in December 1930.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, the hotel was purchased by R.E. "Dumas" Milner, a wealthy automobile dealer and businessman. Milner renovated the hotel in the popular modernist style of the day and renamed it the King Edward Hotel. Many of the original details were obscured in the renovations. The hotel closed in 1967 after years of declining occupancy rates.</p><br>
<p>Standard Life bought the building in 1976 and got it placed on the National Register of Historic Places. They sold to private developers for half a million dollars in 1981. While a number of attempts to restore the building had proven ineffective and demolition of the building continued to be considered by Jackson city leadership, a workable plan was finally agreed upon. The former Mayor of Jackson, Harvey Johnson Jr., called the renovation of the hotel the "linchpin" in attempts to revitalize the downtown of the city.</p><br>
<p>In December 2006, Watkins Partners, former New Orleans Saints running back Deuce McAllister and Historic Restoration Inc. of New Orleans formed a partnership to restore the King Edward. It reopened its doors as the Hilton Garden Inn-Jackson Downtown in December 2009 with 186 hotel rooms, 64 luxury apartments, a signature restaurant, bar coffee shop and some retail space. The interior renovation of the historic hotel, designed by Thomas Hamilton & Associates of Richmond, Virginia, incorporates Hilton brand design requirements into the existing hotel, while preserving some of the original historic architectural elements as part of the hotel project. The renovation began in November, 2007 and was completed in December, 2009, at a cost of $90 million.</p><br>
<p>H.R.I. and Watkins Partners also plan to renovate the adjacent Standard Life Building into 76 luxury apartments, beginning in 2008 with an anticipated completion in late 2009.</p><br>
<p>Choquequirao  is an Incan site in south Peru, similar in structure and architecture to Machu Picchu. The ruins are buildings and terraces at levels above and below Sunchu Pata, the truncated hill top. The hilltop was anciently leveled and ringed with stones to create a 30 by 50 m platform.</p><br>
<p>Choquequirao at an elevation of 3,050 m ) is in the spurs of the Vilcabamba mountain range in the Santa Teresa district, La Convención Province of the Cusco Region. The complex is 1,800 hectares, of which 30–40% is excavated. The site overlooks the Apurimac River canyon which has an elevation of 1,450 m.</p><br>
<p>The site is reached by a two-day hike from outside Cusco. Choquequirao has topped in the prestigious Lonely Planet&#39;s Best in Travel 2017 Top Regions list.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Choquequirao is a 15th and 16th century settlement associated with the Inca Empire, or more correctly Tahuantinsuyo. The site had two major growth stages. This could be explained if Pachacuti founded Choquequirao and his son, Tupac Inca Yupanqui, remodeled and extended it after becoming the Sapa Inca. Choquequirao is located in the area considered to be Pachacuti’s estate; which includes the areas around the rivers Amaybamba, Urabamba, Vilcabamba, Victos and Apurímac. Other sites in this area are Sayhuite, Machu Picchu, Chachabamba (Chachapampa), Choquesuysuy (Chuqisuyuy) and Guamanmarca (Wamanmarka); all of which share similar architectural styles with Choquequirao.</p><br>
<p>The architectural style of several important features appears to be of Chachapoya design, suggesting that Chachapoya workers were probably involved in the construction. This suggests that Tupaq Inka probably ordered the construction. Colonial documents also suggest that Tupac Inca ruled Choquequirao since his great grandson, Tupa Sayri, claimed ownership of the site and neighboring lands during Spanish colonization.</p><br>
<p>It was one of the last bastions of resistance and refuge of the Son of the Sun (the "Inca"), Manco Inca Yupanqui, who fled Cusco after his siege of the city failed in 1535.</p><br>
<p>According to the Peruvian Tourism Office, "Choquequirao was probably one of the entrance check points to the Vilcabamba, and also an administrative hub serving political, social and economic functions. Its urban design has followed the symbolic patterns of the imperial capital, with ritual places dedicated to Inti (the Incan sun god) and the ancestors, to the earth, water and other divinities, with mansions for administrators and houses for artisans, warehouses, large dormitories or kallankas and farming terraces belonging to the Inca or the local people. Spreading over 700 meters, the ceremonial area drops as much as 65 meters from the elevated areas to the main square." The city also played an important role as a link between the Amazon Jungle and the city of Cusco.</p><br>
<h2>Location and Layout</h2><br>
<p>Choquequirao is situated at an elevation of 3,000 m above sea level on a southwest-facing spur of a glaciated peak above the Apurimac River. The region is characterized by mountain topography and covered with Amazonian flora and fauna. It is 98 km west of Cusco, in the Vilcabamba range. The complex covers 6 km. Architecturally it is similar to Machu Picchu. The main structures, such as temples, huacas, elite residences, and fountain/bath systems are concentrated around two plazas along the crest of the ridge, which encompass approximately 2 km and follow Inca urban design. Also there is a conglomeration of common buildings clustered away from the plaza. Excavations and surface items suggest they were probably used for workshops and food preparation. Most buildings are well-preserved and well-restored; restoration continues.</p><br>
<p>The terrain around the site was greatly modified. The central area of the site was leveled artificially and the surrounding hillsides were terraced to allow cultivation and small residential areas. The typical Inca terraces form the largest constructions on site.</p><br>
<p>Many of the ceremonial structures are associated with water. There are two unusual temple wak&#39;a sites that lie several hundred meters lower than the two plazas. These are carefully crafted step terraces down a steep slope are designed around water. The site also contains a number of ceremonial structures such as the large usnu built on a truncates hill, the Giant Staircase, and an aqueduct providing water to the water shrines.</p><br>
<h2>Sectors</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological complex of Choquequirao is divided into 12 sectors. While the contents of each sector are different, terraces used for various purposes are common throughout. It seems that most of the buildings here were either for ceremonial purposes, residences of the priests, or used to store food.</p><br>
<h3>Sector I</h3><br>
<p>This is the highest and most northerly portion of the site. There exist 5 buildings constructed on terraces at varying levels, a temple and a plaza, as well as a smaller plaza in the uppermost area of the sector. Two of the buildings appear to be qullqas (warehouses). The three long buildings, called kallankas were likely priests’ residences.</p><br>
<h3>Sector II</h3><br>
<p>This is where a majority of the qullqanpatas, or depositories are located. In one part of this sector there are 16 ceremonial platforms with canal routes in between that branch off from the main water way.</p><br>
<h3>Sector III</h3><br>
<p>This sector is between the hanan (high) area and the urin (low) area of the complex and contains what is believed to be the Haucaypata (Hawkaypata), or main plaza. At the periphery of the plaza there are one story and two story buildings. To the north, there is a Sunturwasi and a single level kallanka likely used for ceremony. To the east are the buildings with two levels. The main plaza is discussed in more detail in the section called Ceremonial Center of this page.</p><br>
<h3>Sector IV</h3><br>
<p>This sector is located in the southerly area of the complex, known as the urin zone. The main building here has walls that were probably ceremonial in function since one of them is known as “wall of offerings to the ancestors”.</p><br>
<h3>Sector V</h3><br>
<p>Here, one will find the usnu which is a hill leveled at the summit to form an oval platform used for ceremony. A small wall encircles the hill. From the platform, one can see the main plaza of sector III, the snowcapped mountains and the Apurímac River.</p><br>
<h3>Sector VI</h3><br>
<p>South of the usnu in the urin area there is the Wasi Kancha ("house yard"), also known as the priests&#39; quarters. There are four terraces here that were used as ceremonial space. In the walls of the terraces there is a zigzagged design.</p><br>
<h3>Sector VII</h3><br>
<p>This zone can be reached from the main plaza by pathway. Located on the east side of Choquequirao, this zone contains cultivation terraces that have markedly greater amplitude than all others throughout the complex.</p><br>
<h3>Sector VIII</h3><br>
<p>On the western side of the complex there are 80 cultivation terraces divided into plots by water canals that stream down from the main plaza. In this zone, one will find the famous "Llamas del Sol".</p><br>
<h3>Sector IX</h3><br>
<p>This sector contains general living quarters for groups of people, such as workers or families. The buildings are constructed on top of artificial platforms in circular and rectangular design, interconnected by stairways and narrow alleys.</p><br>
<h3>Sector X</h3><br>
<p>This zone, called paraqtepata has 18 terraced platforms that have irrigation canals running parallel to the stairs.</p><br>
<h3>Sector XI</h3><br>
<p>The 80 terraces used for cultivation in this sector, called phaqchayuq ("the one with a waterfall"), are the most extensive in the entire complex. Also found here are small, quadrilateral enclosures with two levels used for both ceremony and living. Outside, there are three water fountains used for drinking and to supply the irrigation canals.</p><br>
<h3>Sector XII</h3><br>
<p>This sector lies three hours away (by foot) from the upper part of the complex. Here there are 57 platforms with permanent irrigation systems. In the uppermost terraces there are buildings for ceremony and a pool of water fed by a spring. In the semicircular enclosures ceramic shards, stone tools and remains of bones have been found.</p><br>
<h2>Ceremonial Center</h2><br>
<p>The ceremonial center of Choquequirao shares many features similar to those of other Inca ceremonial centers and pilgrimage sites, such as Isla del Sol, Quespiwanka (Qhispi Wank&#39;a, palace of Huayna Capac), Machu Picchu/Llaqtapata, Tipon and Saywite. The long and treacherous route from Cusco to Choquequirao likely passed by Machu Picchu, leading onto the face of Machu Picchu Peak. From Llaqtapata, the path continued down into the Mollepata Valley, traversed the Yanamia pass at 4670 m, and continued across the Rio Blanco, finally reaching Choquequirao from above after an estimated 7- to 10-day journey.</p><br>
<p>The ceremonial center consists of a main platform and a lower plaza. Stone lined channels carried ceremonial water, or chicha to shrines and baths throughout the site. The main platform, unique in its size and prominence, limited ceremonial activity to royalty and the ministerial class. This seems as such due to evidence showing that the only entrance to the platform was through a double-jam doorway, which functioned to control access to the sacred space. Other features of the ceremonial center include structures that mark the direction of certain solar events, such as when the June and December solstice sun rises and sets.</p><br>
<p>Located in the main platform, the Giant Stairway opens to the sunrise of the December solstice. Measured at 25 meters long and 4.4 meters wide, this structure seems to have been purely ceremonial in function, since the stairs end abruptly partway down a hill, leading to nothing. Large boulders that rest upon the risers of the stairway become fully illuminated when the December solstice sun rises. Gary R. Ziegler and J. McKim Malville have postulated that when the boulders become illuminated, a wak&#39;a is activated by its solar camaquen—a case similar to when the large stone of the Torreon at Machu Picchu becomes illuminated.</p><br>
<p>In the lower plaza a group of structures were found that appeared to be water shrines and baths. This belief is held based on their strong resemblance to those at sector II of Llaqtapata and because there are numerous water channels leading to that portion of the plaza. Overall, it seems as though the site was chosen, as Machu Picchu was, for its sacred geographical location, and was designed to facilitate ritual and ceremonial activity.</p><br>
<h2>Subsectors</h2><br>
<p>The area around Choquequiaro contains several subsectors that have been associated with the Inca culture that thrived in Choquequirao, suggesting that the subsectors are most likely part of the site. Design, construction style, and cultural parallels support that these sectors were tightly intertwined with Choquequiaro and the Inca at some point in their history. The lack of residential space in these sectors suggests that these were probably farming outposts from Choquequirao rather than an independent site. Due to differences in design and construction styles, it is believed that these sectors were built in three different phases. Like Choquequirao art style, the subsector also contains multiple camelid art and ceremonial phaqchas that are tightly related to Inca, especially Pachacuti’s government.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>All lithic materials utilized for the construction of the site and surrounding sectors were mined from the local quarries. Due to the metamorphic rock in the quarries of Choquequirao, superb masonry like that at Machu Picchu could not be obtained. Instead, the entrances and corners were shaped from quartzite, and the walls were made of achlar and plastered with clay and then painted in a light orange color.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Presently the only way to access Choquequirao is by a hard hike. The common trail head begins at the village of Cachora, which is approximately a 4-hour drive from Cuzco, along the Cusco-Abancay route. There are many options for guided tours with several companies located in Cuzco.</p><br>
<p>Also, you can access from Huanipaca village, whose crossroad is located on the same route Cusco-Abancay, 4-5 km beyond the Cachora crossroad.</p><br>
<p>Huanipaca offers a 15 km trail, half distance less than Cachora trail (31 km).</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, exist very few companies that promote Choquequirao experience through Huanipaca.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the cable car to the ancient Inca citadel of Choquequirao has been declared a priority by the Apurímac Regional Government, which are destined to receive 220 million Peruvian Soles (US$82.7 million) to fund the project. It will reduce a two day hike to a 15 minute cable car ride.</p><br>
<p>Carlos Canales, president of the National Chamber of Tourism (Canatur) believes that in the first year of operation the Choquequirao cable car will receive 200,000 tourists, which will generate an income of US$4 million, with the average visitor paying US$20 per ticket.</p><br>
<h2>Art</h2><br>
<p>Most of the rock art in Choquequirao is in the terraced area where cultivation occurred. Archaeologists have documented twenty-five semi-naturalistic figures on the terraces of sector VIII of Choquequirao. The rocks used to build the walls are dark schist while the camelid images are of white calcocuarcita, a sandstone of quartz and carbonate. The camelid motifs vary between a maximum height of 1.94 m and one minimum of 1.25 m. In 2004, archaeologist Zenobio Valencia from the University of San Antonio Abad of Cusco found several camelid figurines made of white stones in a group of terraces in one sector of the archaeological site.</p><br>
<p>One recent discovery for example, uncovered a scene laid into the stone terraces with white quartzite depicting several llamas loaded with cargo standing by their handlers. Present on the uppermost terrace wall is a zigzag pattern of the same quartzite. This style of design is uniquely Chachapoya and not found in other sites of Inca construction, indicating that workers from Chachapoya may have been involved in the construction of Choquequirao.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>According to Ethan Todras-Whitehill of the New York Times, Choquequirao&#39;s first non-Incan visitor was the explorer Juan Arias Díaz in 1710. The first written site reference in 1768 was made by Cosme Bueno, but was ignored at the time. In 1834 Eugene de Santiges rediscovered the site. In 1837 Leonce Agrand mapped the site for the first time, but his maps were forgotten. When Hiram Bingham, the discoverer of Machu Picchu, visited Choquequirao in 1909 the site gained more attention. The first excavations started in the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>Trekking</h2><br>
<p>Treks to Choquequirao start from the villages of Cachora or Huanipaca, which are a 4–5-hour drive west of Cusco city. The route usually goes from Cachora through the Apurimac Valley to Chiquisca where most trekkers overnight. From Chiquisca the trail continues along the Apurímac River before ascending to Santa Rosa and then onto Marampata. Choquequirao is a little way on from Marampata.</p><br>
<p>About Huanipaca trail, journey is easier and hikers can arrive at Choquequirao after only 7-hour trek. The usual route starts in "El Carmen" and go on to "San Ignacio" and Apurimac bridge, arriving directly until Choquequirao campsite (15 km hiking).</p><br>
<p>The trail to Choquequirao is unpermitted and can be completed unsupported; however, most trekkers join organised tours that include a guide, camping equipment, mules, and porters to carry gear and a cook to prepare food. Food (meals, snacks and drinks) can be purchased at regular intervals along the trail. Camping is also provided at most of these stops. It is also possible to stay in rooms provided at Marampata. The trail descends to below 2,000 m and then ascends again to almost 3,000 m. This is then repeated on the return. This is not an easy trail and a relatively high level of fitness is required.</p><br>
<p>From Choquequirao it is possible to continue hiking to Machu Picchu. Choquequirao trek itineraries to Machu Picchu vary. Most treks range from 7-day to 11-day hikes, and involve going over the Yanama Pass, which at 4,668 m is the highest point on the trek. You will need to be well acclimatised for this trek to avoid altitude sickness. There are many steep descents and ascents of up to 2000m throughout this trek and this trek would be regarded as difficult.</p><br>
<p>Over 5,000 people trekked to Choquequirao in 2013.</p><br>
<p>An Socach is a Scottish mountain situated some three miles  west of the A93 road from Perth to Braemar. It is located at grid ref. 080800 on Ordnance Survey sheet 43. The summit altitude is 944 m . The name may derive from the Gaelic Soc, meaning the snout or beak, leading to the projecting place by analogy with the shape of a snout. Other sources state that it in fact means the sow.</p><br>
<p>The hill has an elongated, round form, and the Munro bagger is advised that the highest top is in fact at its western end and is not the 938 m (3,077 ft) eastern summit as shown on certain OS maps. The hill may be climbed from Glen Ey to the north or from the top of the Glenshee Ski Centre to the east. The Glenshee route involves a descent into Baddoch Burn, and so more climbing is required than the Glen Ey route, which is longer.</p><br>
<p>The SS Tarpon  was a ship which sank in 1937 near Panama City, Florida, United States. The shipwreck is located 7.8 nmi off the shore of Panama City. It became the sixth Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve when it was dedicated in 1997. In May 2001, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The twin screwed steam ship the SS Tarpon was built in 1887, at Wilmington Delaware by shipbuilders Pusey and Jones. She was originally christened the Naugatuck. She measured 130 feet with a beam of 26 feet. The superstructure and passenger areas of the vessel were wood and the hull was iron. She was powered by twin steam engines driving iron screws.</p><br>
<p>The ship was sent back to the manufacturer in 1891, after being sold by the original owner. The hull was lengthened by 30 feet and she was renamed the Tarpon. In 1902 she was sold to The Pensacola, St Andrews, and Gulf Steamship Company. Captain Willis Green Barrow took command, and captained the ship for 30 years.</p><br>
<p>Tarpon sailed weekly runs from Mobile, Pensacola, St. Andrews Bay, Apalachacola, and Carrabelle, making the trip 1,735 times.</p><br>
<p>On August 30, 1937 the Tarpon was loaded in Mobile, with 200 tons of cargo and 31 people including the crew. Despite a forecast of calm weather, the wind began to pick up, and the heavily ladened ship took on water in the high seas. Despite jettisoning cargo, the ship foundered with a heavy loss of life.</p><br>
<p>Urca de Lima is a Spanish shipwreck  near Fort Pierce, Florida, United States. She was part of the 1715 Treasure Fleet, herself, one of the numerous Spanish treasure fleets sailing between Spain and her colonies in the Americas. The wreck is located north of Fort Pierce Inlet, 200 yards off the shore from Jack Island Park. It became the first Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve when dedicated in 1987. This was followed on May 31, 2001 with its addition to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and names</h2><br>
<p>The original name of the ship was Santísima Trinidad. Her nickname Urca de Lima is derived from the Spanish term urca for cargo vessels and its owner Miguel de Lima y Melo. Another name for her being used in some historical sources is Nao de Refuerzo. This name might indicate that she got reinforced for traveling routes across the Atlantic. She was a Dutch built merchant ship of 305 tons and used by the Spanish for cargo transport between Spain and its colonies in the Americas.</p><br>
<h2>Sinking</h2><br>
<p>In 1712 Urca de Lima belonged to a fleet of eight ships under the command of Juan Esteban de Ubilla, which sailed from Spain to the Americas to fetch goods and much needed bullions. The fleet arrived in Veracruz in December and due to various political and logistic issues it did not leave until the spring of 1715. In January 1715 de Lima was promoted to captain of Urca de Lima by Ubilla and the ship got new masts and a hull cleaning. Some of the smaller ships were scrapped for parts to prepare the rest of the fleet for the crossing of the Atlantic. In May of the same year the four remaining ships (Nuestra Señora de la Regla (Capitana), Almiranta, San Cristobal de La Habana, Santísima Trinidad) finally set sail for Havana. After a difficult passage they arrived there at the beginning of July.</p><br>
<p>After repairs and some additional delay Ubillas fleet departed from Havana on July 24 to head for Cadiz in Spain. The fleet had been augmented by an additional six Spanish ships under the command of Antonio de Echeverez and the French ship El Grifón tagging along for protection from pirates. The Spanish ships carried various goods from the Americas and from East Asia (via Mexico), a large amount of gold bullion and about 14 million pesos of silver. Urca de Lima, however, did not carry any gold or silver for the Spanish crown but mostly goods such as cowhides, chocolate, sassafras, incense and vanilla. In addition she also carried a few chests of private silver. A few days after leaving Havana the fleet ran into a hurricane that drove the ships towards the Florida coast and ultimately sank or grounded all ships but one. The French El Grifón, which had sailed ahead, escaped without being aware of the fate of the rest of the fleet. More than half of the fleets 2000 men including Ubilla and Echeverez died in the storm and some of the survivors later died of starvation, injuries and disease. Urca de Lima fared better than the other Spanish ships, as she managed to steer into a river inlet near Fort Pierce, where she grounded on a sandbank but with the hull remaining intact. Due to this most of her cargo and victuals did not get lost and helped to feed the survivors in the days after the storm.</p><br>
<p>The survivors on the beach were organized by Admiral Francisco Salmón, who later oversaw the salvage operations continuing until April of the following year as well. A few men traveled North in a small boat that was salvaged from the remains of the fleet. Within a week they reached St. Augustine and informed the Spanish authorities about the loss of the 1715 treasure fleet. By the end of August relief ships from Havanna arrived at the site of the sunken fleet. After Urca de Limas cargo was salvaged, she was burned down to the waterline to hide her position from pirates and privateers of other nations, who had become aware of the sunken treasure fleet as well. In December the pirates Henry Jennings and Charles Vane captured a Spanish mail ship and got the exact position of the main Spanish salvage camp and Urca de Lima from her captain Pedro de la Vega. They surprised the camp with a superior force and Salmón had no choice but to surrender the rest of the salvaged treasure that still remained in the camp. The pirates made off with about £87,500 of gold and silver.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery of the shipwreck</h2><br>
<p>The shipwreck was discovered in 1928 by William J. Beach, close to the shore near Fort Pierce. The river inlet in which Urca de Lima originally grounded, however, did not exist anymore due to changes in the coastline. In 1932 the city council issued the first permit for a salvage operation. The last permit were issued in 1983 and 1984. The results of those salvage operations however were rather meager, since the Spanish salvaged most of the cargo in 1715. Only one silver bullion, two silver wedges and a few cannon were recovered. The city council decided to turn the wreck into an archaeological preserve. For that purpose, archaeologists examined and mapped the wreck in 1985 and in 1987 Florida&#39;s first archaeological underwater preserve was opened. It was the first of the so-called Museums in the Sea. In 2001 the wreck was also included in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>In pop culture</h2><br>
<p>Urca de Lima is mentioned in the television series Black Sails (2014) as the main treasure the pirates are seeking. As the series is devised as a prequel to Robert Louis Stevenson&#39;s Treasure Island, the cargo of Urca de Lima ultimately becomes the basis for the treasure buried on Treasure Island by Captain Flint.</p><br>
<p>Belhurst Castle is a former private residence on the shores of Seneca Lake in Geneva, New York. It was designed by noted architects Fuller & Wheeler and built between 1885 and 1889. The three-story, nine bay wide Romanesque Revival style mansion is constructed of Medina sandstone. It has a slate gable roof, one-story solarium, and four rectangular stone chimneys. It features projecting porches, bays, towers with conical and pyramidal roofs, eyebrow windows, and a porte cochere with Syrian arch.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Supplemented by modern facilities, Belhurst Castle has been adapted for hotel and retail uses. It holds a hotel with three choices of lodging (Vinifera Inn, Chambers in the Castle, and White Springs Manor); two ballrooms to host weddings, two restaurants (Edgar&#39;s Restaurant and Stonecutters); spa, and a winery.</p><br>
<p>Belhurst Castle has previously been used as a speakeasy during Prohibition, casino, and supper club. Edgar&#39;s restaurant is a formal dining restaurant (but it does not enforce a dress code); it is open for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Stonecutters is more eclectic and a more relaxing atmosphere.</p><br>
